1913 Supplementary Section: "New Words"

A.

||A*ba"si*a (?), n. [NL.; Gr. &?;- not + &?; a step.] (Med.) Inability to coördinate muscular actions properly in walking. -- A*ba"sic (#), a.

Ac"e*tol (?), n. [Acetic + - ol as in alcohol.] (Chem.) Methyl ketol; also, any of various homologues of the same.

||Ac`e*to*næ"mi*a, -ne"mi*a (&?;), n. [NL. See Acetone; Hæma-.] (Med.) A morbid condition characterized by the presence of acetone in the blood, as in diabetes.

||Ac`e*to*nu"ri*a (?), n. [NL. See Acetone; Urine.] (Med.) Excess of acetone in the urine, as in starvation or diabetes.

||Ab"ge*ord`ne*ten*haus` (?), n. [G.] See Legislature, Austria, Prussia.

||A"bra (?), n. [Sp., a bay, valley, fissure.] A narrow pass or defile; a break in a mesa; the mouth of a cañon. [Southwestern U. S.]

Ab`re*ac"tion (?), n. [Pref. ab- + reaction, after G. Abreagirung.] (Psychotherapy) See Catharsis, below.

Ac`cla*ma"tion, n. In parliamentary usage, the act or method of voting orally and by groups rather than by ballot, esp. in elections; specif. (R. C. Ch.), the election of a pope or other ecclesiastic by unanimous consent of the electors, without a ballot.

Ace, n. A single point won by a stroke, as in handball, rackets, etc.; in tennis, frequently, a point won by a service stroke.

A*ce"qui*a (?), n. [Sp.] A canal or trench for irrigating land. [Sp. Amer.]

Ac`e*to*phe"none (?), n. [Acetic + phenyl + one.] (Chem.) A crystalline ketone, CH₃COC₆H₅, which may be obtained by the dry distillation of a mixture of the calcium salts of acetic and benzoic acids. It is used as a hypnotic under the name of hypnone.

||A` che*val" (?). [F., lit., on horseback.] Astride; with a part on each side; -- used specif. in designating the position of an army with the wings separated by some line of demarcation, as a river or road.

A position à cheval on a river is not one which a general willingly assumes.

A*chro"ma*tous (?), a. [See Ahromatic.] Lacking, or deficient in, color; as, achromatous blood.

A*chro"mic (?), a. [Gr. &?; colorless; &?; priv. + &?; color.] Free from color; colorless; as, in Physiol. Chem., the achromic point of a starch solution acted upon by an amylolytic enzyme is the point at which it fails to give any color with iodine.

Ac"id proc"ess. (Iron Metal.) That variety of either the Bessemer or the open-hearth process in which the converter or hearth is lined with acid, that is, highly siliceous, material. Opposed to basic process.

Ac`o*nit"ic (?), a. (Chem.) Pert. to or designating a crystalline tribasic acid, &?;, obtained from aconite and other plants. It is a carboxyl derivative of itaconic acid.

Ac*tin"o*gram (?), n. [Gr. &?;, &?;, ray + -gram.] A record made by the actinograph.

||Ac`ti*no*my*co"sis (?), n. [NL.] (Med.) A chronic infectious disease of cattle and man due to the presence of Actinomyces bovis. It causes local suppurating tumors, esp. about the jaw. Called also lumpy jaw or big jaw. -- Ac`ti*no*my*cot"ic (#), a.

Ac*tin"o*phone (?), n. [Gr. &?;, &?;, ray + &?; voice.] (Physics) An apparatus for the production of sound by the action of the actinic, or ultraviolet, rays.

Ac*tin`o*phon"ic (?), a. (Physics) Pertaining to, or causing the production of, sound by means of the actinic, or ultraviolet, rays; as, actinophonic phenomena.

Ac`u*tor"sion (?), n. [L. acus needle + torsion.] (Med.) The twisting of an artery with a needle to arrest hemorrhage.

A*cyc"lic (?), a. [Pref. a- not + cyclic.] Not cyclic; not disposed in cycles or whorls; as: (a) (Bot.) Of a flower, having its parts inserted spirally on the receptacle. (b) (Org. Chem.) Having an open-chain structure; aliphatic.

Ac"yl (?), n. [Acid + - yl.] (Org. Chem.) An acid radical, as acetyl, malonyl, or benzoyl.

Ad*dress", v. t. -- To address the ball (Golf), to take aim at the ball, adjusting the grip on the club, the attitude of the body, etc., to a convenient position.

Ad"e*noid (?), n. (Med.) A swelling produced by overgrowth of the adenoid tissue in the roof of the pharynx; -- usually in pl.

||Ad`e*no"ma (?), n.; L. pl. -mata (#). [NL.; adeno- + -oma.] (Med.) A benign tumor of a glandlike structure; morbid enlargement of a gland. -- Ad`e*nom"a*tous (&?;), a.

Ad"e*nop"a*thy (?), n. [Adeno- + Gr. &?; suffering, &?; to suffer.] (Med.) Disease of a gland.

||Ad"e*no*scle*ro"sis (?), n. [NL.; adeno- + sclerosis.] (Med.) The hardening of a gland.

A"den ul"cer (?). [So named after Aden, a seaport in Southern Arabia, where it occurs.] (Med.) A disease endemic in various parts of tropical Asia, due to a specific microörganism which produces chronic ulcers on the limbs. It is often fatal. Called also Cochin China ulcer, Persian ulcer, tropical ulcer, etc.

||A`dios" (?), interj. [Sp., fr. L. ad to + deus god. Cf. Adieu.] Adieu; farewell; good-by; -- chiefly used among Spanish-speaking people.

&fist; This word is often pronounced å*dē"&osl;s, but the Spanish accent, though weak, is on the final syllable.

Ad`i*pog"e*nous (?), a. [See Adipose; -genous.] (Med.) Producing fat.

||Ad`i*pol"y*sis (?), n. [NL.; L. adeps, adipis, fat + Gr. &?; a loosing.] (Physiol.) The digestion of fats.

Ad`i*po*lyt"ic (?), a. [L. adeps, adipis, fat + Gr. &?; to loose.] (Chem.) Hydrolyzing fats; converting neutral fats into glycerin and free fatty acids, esp. by the action of an enzyme; as, adipolytic action.

||Ad`i*po"ma (?), n.; L. pl. -mata (#). [NL. See Adipose; -oma.] (Med.) A mass of fat found internally; also, a fatty tumor. -- Ad`i*pom"a*tous (&?;), a.

Ad"i*pose` (?), n. (Physiol.) The fat present in the cells of adipose tissue, composed mainly of varying mixtures of tripalmitin, tristearin, and triolein. It solidifies after death.

{ Adjusting plane or surface. } (Aëronautics) A small plane or surface, usually capable of adjustment but not of manipulation, for preserving lateral balance in an aëroplane or flying machine.

Ad*mit"tance, n. (Elec.) The reciprocal of impedance.

||A*do"be (?), n. 1. Earth from which unburnt bricks are made. [Western U. S.]

2. (Geol.) Alluvial and playa clays of desert and arid regions, differing from ordinary clays of humid regions in containing carbonates and other soluble minerals.

||Ad`o*na"i (?), n. [Heb. adōnāi, lit., my lord.] A Hebrew name for God, usually translated in the Old Testament by the word "Lord".

&fist; The later Jews used its vowel points to fill out the tetragrammaton Yhvh, or Ihvh, "the incommunicable name," and in reading substituted "Adonai".

Ad*re"nal*ine (?), n. Also Ad*re"nal*in (&?;). (Physiol. Chem.) A crystalline substance, C₉H₁₃O₃N, obtained from suprarenal extract, of which it is regarded as the active principle. It is used in medicine as a stimulant and hemostatic.

Ad*su"ki bean (?). [Jap. adzuki.] A cultivated variety of the Asiatic gram, now introduced into the United States.

Ad"u*rol (?), n. (Photog.) Either of two compounds, a chlorine derivative and bromine derivative, of hydroquinone, used as developers.

Ad*van"cing edge. (Aëronautics) The front edge (in direction of motion) of a supporting surface; -- contr. with following edge, which is the rear edge.

Ad*van"cing sur"face. (Aëronautics) The first of two or more surfaces arranged in tandem; -- contr. with following surface, which is the rear surface.

Æ*ol"ic, a. [L. Aeolus, Gr. &?;, name of the god of the winds.] (Phys. Geog.) Pertaining to, caused by, or designating, the action of the wind in modifying the earth's surface; as, æolic erosion; æolic sand. [Written also eolic.]

A"ër*a`tor (?), n. That which supplies with air or gas; specif.: (a) An apparatus used for charging mineral waters with gas and in making soda water. (b) A fumigator used to bleach grain, destroying fungi and insects.

{ A"ër*en`chym (?), ||A`ër*en"chy*ma (?) }, n. [NL. aërenchyma. See Aëro-; Enchyma.] (Bot.) A secondary respiratory tissue or modified periderm, found in many aquatic plants and distinguished by the large intercellular spaces.

A*ë`ri*al rail"way`. (a) A stretched wire or rope elevated above the ground and forming a way along which a trolley may travel, for conveying a load suspended from the trolley. (b) An elevated cableway.

A*ë"ri*al sick"ness. A sickness felt by aëronauts due to high speed of flights and rapidity in changing altitudes, combining some symptoms of mountain sickness and some of seasickness.

A"ër*o (?), n. An aëroplane, airship, or the like. [Colloq.]

A`ër*o"bic (?), a. (Biol.) Growing or thriving only in the presence of oxygen; also, pertaining to, or induced by, aërobies; as, aërobic fermentation. -- A`ër*o"bic*al*ly (#), adv.

A"ër*o*boat` (?), n. [Aëro- + boat.] A form of hydro- aëroplane; a flying boat.

A"ër*o*bus` (?), n. [Aëro- + bus.] An aëroplane or airship designed to carry passengers.

A"ër*o*club` (?), n. [Aëro- + club.] A club or association of persons interested in aëronautics.

A"ër*o*curve` (?), n. [Aëro- + curve.] (Aëronautics) A modification of the aëroplane, having curved surfaces, the advantages of which were first demonstrated by Lilienthal.

A`ë*ro*do*net"ics (?), n. [Aëro- + Gr. &?; shaken, &?; to shake.] (Aëronautics) The science of gliding and soaring flight.

A"ë*ro*drome` (?), n. [Aëro- + Gr. &?; a running.] (Aëronautics) (a) A shed for housing an airship or aëroplane. (b) A ground or field, esp. one equipped with housing and other facilities, used for flying purposes. -- A`ër*o*drom"ic (#), a.

A"ër*o*foil` (?), n. [Aëro- + foil.] A plane or arched surface for sustaining bodies by its movement through the air; a spread wing, as of a bird.

A"ër*o*gun` (?), n. [Aëro- + gun.] A cannon capable of being trained at very high angles for use against aircraft.

A`ër*o*me*chan"ic (?), n. A mechanic or mechanician expert in the art and practice of aëronautics.

{ A`ër*o*me*chan"ic (?), A`ër*o*me*chan"ical (?) }, a. Of or pert. to aëromechanics.

A`ër*o*me*chan"ics (?), n. The science of equilibrium and motion of air or an aëriform fluid, including aërodynamics and aërostatics.

A"ër*o*nat` (?), n. [F. aéronat. See Aëro-; Natation.] A dirigible balloon.

A"ër*o*nef` (?), n. [F. aéronef.] A power-driven, heavier-than-air flying machine.

A"ër*o*phone` (?), n. [Aëro- + Gr. &?; voice.] (a) A form of combined speaking and ear trumpet. (b) An instrument, proposed by Edison, for greatly intensifying speech. It consists of a phonograph diaphragm so arranged that its action opens and closes valves, producing synchronous air blasts sufficient to operate a larger diaphragm with greater amplitude of vibration.

A"ër*o*plane` (?), n. [Aëro- + plane.] (Aëronautics) A light rigid plane used in aërial navigation to oppose sudden upward or downward movement in the air, as in gliding machines; specif., such a plane slightly inclined and driven forward as a lifting device in some flying machines; hence, a flying machine using such a device. These machines are called monoplanes, biplanes, triplanes, or quadruplanes, according to the number of main supporting planes used in their constraction. Being heavier than air they depend for their levitation on motion imparted by one or more propellers actuated by a gasoline engine. They start from the ground by a run on small wheels or runners, and are guided by a steering apparatus consisting of horizontal and vertical movable planes. There are many varieties of form and construction, which in some cases are known by the names of their inventors.

A"ër*o*plan`ist (?), n. One who flies in an aëroplane.

A"ër*o*stat (?), n. (Aëronautics) A passive balloon; a balloon without motive power.

A`ër*o*sta"tion (?), n. That part of aëronautics that deals with passive balloons.

||A"ër*o*tax`is (?), n. [NL. See Aëro-; Taxis.] (Bacteriology) The positive or negative stimulus exerted by oxygen on aërobic and anaërobic bacteria. -- A`ër*o*tac"tic (#), a.

A`ër*o*ther`a*pen"tics (?), n. [Aëro- + therapeutics.] (Med.) Treatment of disease by the use of air or other gases.

A"ër*o*yacht` (?), n. [Aëro- + yacht.] A form of hydro- aëroplane; a flying boat.

||Æ"sir (?), n. pl. [Icel., pl. of āss god.] In the old Norse mythology, the gods Odin, Thor, Loki, Balder, Frigg, and the others. Their home was called Asgard.

Af*fect" (?), n. (Psychotherapy) The emotional complex associated with an idea or mental state. In hysteria, the affect is sometimes entirely dissociated, sometimes transferred to another than the original idea.

||Af`fiche" (?), n. [F., fr. afficher to affix.] A written or printed notice to be posted, as on a wall; a poster; a placard.

Af"fri*cate (?), n. [L. affricatus, p. p. of affricare to rub against; af- = ad- + fricare to rub.] (Phon.) A combination of a stop, or explosive, with an immediately following fricative or spirant of corresponding organic position, as pf in german Pfeffer, pepper, z (= ts) in German Zeit, time.

A*float", adv. & a. Covered with water bearing floating articles; flooded; as, the decks are afloat.

A. F. of L. (Abbrev.) American Federation of Labor.

Aft"er*sen*sa`tion (?), n. (Psychol.) A sensation or sense impression following the removal of a stimulus producing a primary sensation, and reproducing the primary sensation in positive, negative, or complementary form. The aftersensation may be continuous with the primary sensation or follow it after an interval.

A`gar-a"gar (?), n. A gelatinlike substance, or a solution of it, prepared from certain seaweeds containing gelose, and used in the artificial cultivation of bacteria; -- often called agar, by abbreviation.

Age, n. In poker, the right belonging to the player to the left of the dealer to pass the first round in betting, and then to come in last or stay out; also, the player holding this position; the eldest hand.

Ag*grade" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Aggraded; p. pr. & vb. n. Aggrading.] (Phys. Geog.) To bring, or tend to bring, to a uniform grade, or slope, by addition of material; as, streams aggrade their beds by depositing sediment.

||Ag"nus Scyth"i*cus (?). [L., Scythian lamb.] (Bot.) The Scythian lamb, a kind of woolly-skinned rootstock. See Barometz.

Ag"ro*tech`ny (?), n. [Gr. &?; field, land + &?; an art.] That branch of agriculture dealing with the methods of conversion of agricultural products into manufactured articles; agricultural technology.

Ai"le*ron (?), n. [F., dim. of aile wing.] 1. A half gable, as at the end of a penthouse or of the aisle of a church.

2. (Aëronautics) A small plane or surface capable of being manipulated by the pilot of a flying machine to preserve or destroy lateral balance; a hinged wing tip; a lateral stabilizing or balancing plane.

Air brush. A kind of atomizer for applying liquid coloring matter in a spray by compressed air.

Air cooling. In gasoline-engine motor vehicles, the cooling of the cylinder by increasing its radiating surface by means of ribs or radiators, and placing it so that it is exposed to a current of air. Cf. Water cooling. -- Air"- cooled`, a.

Air"craft` (?), n. sing. & pl. Any device, as a balloon, aëroplane, etc., for floating in, or flying through, the air.

Air gap. (Physics) An air-filled gap in a magnetic or electric circuit; specif., in a dynamo or motor, the space between the field-magnet poles and the armature; clearance.

Air hole. (Aëronautics) A local region in the atmosphere having a downward movement and offering less than normal support for the sustaining surfaces of a flying machine.

Air line. A path through the air made easy for aërial navigation by steady winds.

Air"man (?), n. A man who ascends or flies in an aircraft; a flying machine pilot.

Air"man*ship (?), n. Art, skill, or ability in the practice of aërial navigation.

Air"ol (?), n. (Pharm.) A grayish green antiseptic powder, consisting of a basic iodide and gallate of bismuth, sometimes used in place of iodoform. [A Trademark]

Air`sick` (?), a. Affected with aërial sickness. -- Air"sick`ness, n.

Air"wom`an (?), n. A woman who ascends or flies in an aircraft.

||Aj"a*va (?), n. (Bot.) See Ajouan.

{ ||Aj"ou*an ||Aj"ow*an } (?), n. [Written also ajwain.] [Prob. native name.] (Bot.) The fruit of Ammi Copticum, syn. Carum Ajowan, used both as a medicine and as a condiment. An oil containing thymol is extracted from it. Called also Javanee seed, Javanese seed, and ajava.

||A*la"li*a (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; priv. + &?; a talking; cf. &?; speechless.] (Med.) Inability to utter articulate sounds, due either to paralysis of the larynx or to that form of aphasia, called motor, or ataxis, aphasia, due to loss of control of the muscles of speech.

Al"bert ware. A soft ornamental terra-cotta pottery, sold in the biscuit state for decorating.

Alb Sunday. (Eccl.) The first Sunday after Easter Sunday, properly Albless Sunday, because in the early church those who had been baptized on Easter eve laid aside on the following Saturday their white albs which had been put on after baptism.

||Al*bu`mi*no"sis (?), n. [NL., fr. E. albumin.] (Med.) A morbid condition due to excessive increase of albuminous elements in the blood.

Al*cade" (?), n. Var. of Alcaid.

||Al`cal*di"a (?), n. [Sp. Alcaldía.] The jurisdiction or office of an alcalde; also, the building or chamber in which he conducts the business of his office.

||Al`cor*no"que (?), n. [Sp., cork tree.] The bark of several trees, esp. of Bowdichia virgilioides of Brazil, used as a remedy for consumption; of Byrsonima crassifolia, used in tanning; of Alchornea latifolia, used medicinally; or of Quercus ilex, the cork tree.

Al"der fly. 1. Any of numerous neuropterous insects of the genus Sialis or allied genera. They have aquatic larvæ, which are used for bait.

2. (Angling) An artificial fly with brown mottled wings, body of peacock harl, and black legs.

Al"dol (?), n. [Aldehyde + - ol as in alcohol.] (Chem.) A colorless liquid, C₄H₈O₂, obtained by condensation of two molecules of acetaldehyde: CH3CHO + CH3CHO = H3CH(OH)CH2CO; also, any of various derivatives of this. The same reaction has been applied, under the name of aldol condensation, to the production of many compounds.

||Al"em (?), n. [Turk. 'alem, fr. Ar. 'alam.] (Mil.) The imperial standard of the Turkish Empire.

{ A*lep"po boil, button, or evil }. (Med.) A chronic skin affection terminating in an ulcer, most commonly of the face. It is endemic along the Mediterranean, and is probably due to a specific bacillus. Called also Aleppo ulcer, Biskara boil, Delhi boil, Oriental sore, etc.

Aleppo grass. (Bot.) One of the cultivated forms of Andropogon Halepensis (syn. Sorghum Halepense). See Andropogon, below.

A*leu"ro*nat (?), n. [See Aleurone.] Flour made of aleurone, used as a substitute for ordinary flour in preparing bread for diabetic persons.

||A*lex"i*a (?), n. [NL.; a- not + Gr. &?; speech, fr. &?; to speak, confused with L. legere to read.] (Med.) (a) As used by some, inability to read aloud, due to brain disease. (b) More commonly, inability, due to brain disease, to understand written or printed symbols although they can be seen, as in case of word blindness.

{ ||Al*fil`e*ri"a , ||Al*fil`e*ril"la } (?), n. [Mex. Sp., fr. Sp. alfiler pin.] Same as Alfilaria.

||Al*for"ja (?), n. [Also alfarga, alforge.] [Sp.] A saddlebag. [Sp. Amer.]

Al"gin (?), n. (Chem.) A nitrogenous substance resembling gelatin, obtained from certain algæ.

Al*gom"e*ter (?), n. [Gr. &?; pain + -meter.] (Psychol.) An instrument for measuring sensations of pain due to pressure. It has a piston rod with a blunted tip which is pressed against the skin. -- Al*gom"e*try (#), n. -- Al`go*met"ric (#), *met"ric*al (#), a. -- Al`go*met"ric*al*ly, adv.

Al*gon"ki*an (?), a. 1. Var. of Algonquian.

2. (Geol.) Pertaining to or designating a period or era recognized by the United States Geological Survey and some other authorities, between the Archæan and the Paleozoic, from both of which it is generally separated in the record by unconformities. Algonkian rocks are both sedimentary and igneous. Although fossils are rare, life certainly existed in this period. -- n. The Algonkian period or era, or system or group of systems.

Al*gon"qui*an (?), a. Pertaining to or designating the most extensive of the linguistic families of North American Indians, their territory formerly including practically all of Canada east of the 115th meridian and south of Hudson's Bay and the part of the United States east of the Mississippi and north of Tennessee and Virginia, with the exception of the territory occupied by the northern Iroquoian tribes. There are nearly 100,000 Indians of the Algonquian tribes, of which the strongest are the Ojibwas (Chippewas), Ottawas, Crees, Algonquins, Micmacs, and Blackfeet. -- n. An Algonquian Indian.

Al`i*phat"ic (?), a. [Gr. &?;, &?;, oil, fat.] (Org. Chem.) Of, pertaining to, or derived from, fat; fatty; -- applied to compounds having an openc-hain structure. The aliphatic compounds thus include not only the fatty acids and other derivatives of the paraffin hydrocarbons, but also unsaturated compounds, as the ethylene and acetylene series.

Al"ka*li (?), n. Soluble mineral matter, other than common salt, contained in soils of natural waters. [Western U. S.]

Alkali flat. A sterile plain, containing an excess of alkali, at the bottom of an undrained basin in an arid region; a playa.

Alkali soil. Any one of various soils found in arid and semiarid regions, containing an unusual amount of soluble mineral salts which effloresce in the form of a powder or crust (usually white) in dry weather following rains or irrigation. The basis of these salts is mainly soda with a smaller amount of potash, and usually a little lime and magnesia. Two main classes of alkali are commonly distinguished: black alkali, which may be any alkaline carbonate, but which practically consists of sodium carbonate (sal soda), which is highly corrosive and destructive to vegetation; and white alkali, characterized by the presence of sodium sulphate (Glauber's salt), which is less injurious to vegetation. Black alkali is so called because water containing it dissolves humus, forming a dark-colored solution which, when it collects in puddles and evaporates, produces characteristic black spots.

Alkali waste. Waste material from the manufacture of alkali; specif., soda waste.

Al`le*ghe"ni*an (?), a. Also Al`le*gha"ni*an. (Biogeography) Pertaining to or designating the humid division of the Transition zone extending across the northern United States from New England to eastern Dakota, and including also most of Pennsylvania and the mountainous region as far south as northern Georgia.

Al"le*ghe`ny (?), a. 1. Of or pertaining to the Allegheny Mountains, or the region where they are situated. Also Al"le*gha`ny.

2. [From the Allegheny River, Pennsylvania.] (Geol.) Pertaining to or designating a subdivision of the Pennsylvanian coal measure.

Al*le"lo*morph (?), n. [Gr. &?; of one another + Gr. &?; form.] (Biol.) One of the pure unit characters commonly existing singly or in pairs in the germ cells of Mendelian hybrids, and exhibited in varying proportion among the organisms themselves. Allelomorphs which under certain circumstances are themselves compound are called hypallelomorphs. See Mendel's law. -- Al*le`lo*mor"phic (#), a.

As we know that the several unit characters are of such a nature that any one of them is capable of independently displacing or being displaced by one or more alternative characters taken singly, we may recognize this fact by naming such characters allelomorphs.

Al"li*ga`tor wrench. (Mech.) A kind of pipe wrench having a flaring jaw with teeth on one side.

Al`lo*troph"ic (?), a. [Gr. &?; other + trophic.] (a) (Physiol.) Changed or modified in nutritive power by the process of digestion. (b) (Plant Physiol.) Dependent upon other organisms for nutrition; heterotrophic; -- said of plants unable to perform photosynthesis, as all saprophytes; -- opposed to autotrophic.

Al"loy steel. Any steel containing a notable quantity of some other metal alloyed with the iron, usually chromium, nickel, manganese, tungsten, or vanadium.

Al*lu"vi*al (?), n. Alluvial soil; specif., in Australia, gold-bearing alluvial soil.

Al"pen*glow` (?), n. A reddish glow seen near sunset or sunrise on the summits of mountains; specif., a reillumination sometimes observed after the summits have passed into shadow, supposed to be due to a curving downward (refraction) of the light rays from the west resulting from the cooling of the air.

{ Al"pen*horn` (?), Alp"horn` }, n. [G. Alpenhorn.] A curved wooden horn about three feet long, with a cupped mouthpiece and a bell, used by the Swiss to sound the ranz des vaches and other melodies. Its notes are open harmonics of the tube.

Al*pes"trine (?), a. (Bot.) Growing on the elevated parts of mountains, but not above the timbe&?; line; subalpine.

Al"pha pa"per. (Photog.) A sensitized paper for obtaining positives by artificial light. It is coated with gelatin containing silver bromide and chloride. [Eng.]

Alpha rays. (Physics & Chem.) Rays of relatively low penetrating power emitted by radium and other radioactive substances, and shown to consist of positively charged particles (perhaps particles of helium) having enormous velocities but small masses. They are slightly deflected by a strong magnetic or electric field.

Al"phol (?), n. [Alpha- + - ol as in alcohol.] (Pharm.) A crystalline derivative of salicylic acid, used as an antiseptic and antirheumatic.

||Al`ter`nat" (?), n. [F.] A usage, among diplomats, of rotation in precedence among representatives of equal rank, sometimes determined by lot and at other times in regular order. The practice obtains in the signing of treaties and conventions between nations.

Al"ter*nat`ing cur"rent. (Elec.) A current which periodically changes or reverses its direction of flow.

Al"ter*na`tor (?), n. (Elec.) An electric generator or dynamo for producing alternating currents.

||Al"thing (?), n. [Icel. (modern) alping, earlier alpingi; allr all + ping assembly. See All, and Thing.] The national assembly or parliament of Iceland. See Thing, n., 8.

Al`to-cu"mu*lus (?), n. [L. altus high + L. & E. cumulus.] (Meteor.) A fleecy cloud formation consisting of large whitish or grayish globular cloudlets with shaded portions, often grouped in flocks or rows.

Al`to-stra"tus (?), n. [L. altus high + L. & E. stratus.] (Meteor.) A cloud formation similar to cirro-stratus, but heavier and at a lower level.

A*lu`mi*nog"ra*phy (?), n. [Alumin-ium + -graphy.] Art or process of producing, and printing from, aluminium plates, after the manner of ordinary lithography. -- A*lu`mi*no*graph"ic (#), a.

Al"ve*o*lar (?), a. (Phon.) Articulated with the tip of the tongue pressing against the alveolar processes of the upper front teeth.

||Am`a*ni"ta (?), n. [NL. See Amanitine.] (Bot.) A genus of poisonous fungi of the family Agaricaceæ, characterized by having a volva, an annulus, and white spores. The species resemble edible mushrooms, and are frequently mistaken for them. Amanita muscaria, syn. Agaricus muscarius, is the fly amanita, or fly agaric; and A. phalloides is the death cup.

{ Am*ba"ry (?), n., or Ambary hemp }. [Hind. ambārā, ambārī.] A valuable East Indian fiber plant (Hibiscus cannabinus), or its fiber, which is used throughout India for making ropes, cordage, and a coarse canvas and sackcloth; -- called also brown Indian hemp.

Am*boy"na but"ton. (Med.) A chronic contagious affection of the skin, prevalent in the tropics.

Amboyna pine. (Bot.) The resiniferous tree Agathis Dammara, of the Moluccas.

Am*bro"sia (?), n. (Zoöl.) The food of certain small bark beetles, family Scolytidæ believed to be fungi cultivated by the beetles in their burrows.

Ambrosia beetle. (Zoöl.) A bark beetle that feeds on ambrosia.

A*mer"i*can plan. In hotels, aplan upon which guests pay for both room and board by the day, week, or other convenient period; -- contrasted with European plan.

A*mer"i*can Pro*tect"ive As*so`ci*a"tion. A secret organization in the United States, formed in Iowa in 1887, ostensibly for the protection of American institutions by keeping Roman Catholics out of public office. Abbrev. commonly to A. P .A.

Am"i*dol (?), n. [Amide + - ol as in alcohol.] (Photog. & Chem.) A salt of a diamino phenol, C₆H₃(OH)(NH₂)₂, used as a developer.

||A*mi"go (?), n.; pl. Amigos (#). [Sp., fr. L. amicus.] A friend; -- a Spanish term applied in the Philippine Islands to friendly natives.

Am"i*nol (?), n. [From amine.] (Pharm.) A colorless liquid prepared from herring brine and containing amines, used as a local antiseptic.

Am"ish (?), n. pl. [Written also Omish.] (Eccl. Hist.) The Amish Mennonites.

Am"ish, a. [Written also Omish.] (Eccl. Hist.) Of, pertaining to, or designating, the followers of Jacob Amman, a strict Mennonite of the 17th century, who even proscribed the use of buttons and shaving as "worldly conformity". There are several branches of Amish Mennonites in the United States.

||Am`i*to"sis (?), n. [NL. See A- not, and Mitosis.] (Biol.) Cell division in which there is first a simple cleavage of the nucleus without change in its structure (such as the formation of chromosomes), followed by the division of the cytoplasm; direct cell division; -- opposed to mitosis. It is not the usual mode of division, and is believed by many to occur chiefly in highly specialized cells which are incapable of long-continued multiplication, in transitory structures, and in those in early stages of degeneration.

Am`i*tot"ic (?), a. (Biol.) Of or pertaining to amitosis; karyostenotic; -- opposed to mitotic.

Am"mo*nal` (?), n. [Ammonium + aluminium.] An explosive consisting of a mixture of powdered aluminium and nitrate of ammonium.

Am`mo*ni"a*cal fer`men*ta"tion. Any fermentation process by which ammonia is formed, as that by which urea is converted into ammonium carbonate when urine is exposed to the air.

||A*mo"le (?), n. [Mex.] (Bot.) Any detergent plant, or the part of it used as a detergent, as the roots of Agave Americana, Chlorogalum pomeridianum, etc. [Sp. Amer. & Mex.]

||Am`pe*lop"sis (ăm`p&esl;*l&obreve;p"s&ibreve;s), n. [NL., fr. Gr. 'a`mpelos vine + 'o`psis appearance.] (Bot.) A genus formerly including the Virginia creeper.

Am*per"age (?), n. (Elec.) The strength of a current of electricity carried by a conductor or generated by a machine, measured in ampères.

Am`père" foot. (Elec.) A unit, employed in calculating fall of pressure in distributing mains, equivalent to a current of one ampère flowing through one foot of conductor.

Ampère hour. (Elec.) The quantity of electricity delivered in one hour by a current whose average strength is one ampère. It is used as a unit of quantity, and is equal to 3600 coulombs. The terms Ampère minute and Ampère second are sometimes similarly used.

Ampère turn. (Elec.) A unit equal to the product of one complete convolution (of a coiled conductor) into one ampère of current; thus, a conductor having five convolutions and carrying a current of half an ampère is said to have 2½ ampère turns. The magnetizing effect of a coil is proportional to the number of its ampère turns.

||Amt (?), n.; pl. Amter (#), E. Amts (#). [Dan. & Norw., fr. G.] An administrative territorial division in Denmark and Norway.

Each of the provinces [of Denmark] is divided into several amts, answering . . . to the English hundreds.

Am"vis (?), n. [Ammonium (nitrate) + L. vis strength, force.] An explosive consisting of ammonium nitrate, a derivative of nitrobenzene, chlorated napthalene, and wood meal.

||A*myg"da*la (&adot;*m&ibreve;g"d&adot;*l&adot;), n.; pl. -læ (-lē). [L., an almond, fr. Gr. 'amygda`lh. See Almond.] 1. An almond.

2. (Anat.) (a) One of the tonsils of the pharynx. (b) One of the rounded prominences of the lower surface of the lateral hemispheres of the cerebellum, each side of the vallecula.

Am"yl al"co*hol. (Org. Chem.) Any of eight isomeric liquid compounds, C₅H₁₁OH; ordinarily, a mixture of two of these forming a colorless liquid with a peculiar cough-exciting odor and burning taste, the chief constituent of fusel oil. It is used as a source of amyl compounds, such as amyl acetate, amyl nitrite, etc.

Amyl nitrite. A yellowish oily volatile liquid, C₅H₁₁NO₂, used in medicine as a heart stimulant and a vasodilator. The inhalation of its vapor instantly produces flushing of the face.

A*myl"o*gen (?), n. [Amylum + -gen.] (Chem.) That part of the starch granule or granulose which is soluble in water.

Am`y*lo*gen"e*sis (?), n. [Amylum + genesis.] The formation of starch.

Am`y*lo*gen"ic (?), a. 1. Of or pert. to amylogen.

2. Forming starch; -- applied specif. to leucoplasts.

Am`y*lol"y*sis (?), n. [Amylum + Gr. &?; a loosing.] (Chem.) The conversion of starch into soluble products, as dextrins and sugar, esp. by the action of enzymes. -- Am`y*lo*lyt"ic (#), a.

Am`y*lom"e*ter (?), n. [Amylum + -meter.] Instrument for determining the amount of starch in a substance.

Am`y*lo*plas"tic (?), a. [Amylum + -plastic.] Starch-forming; amylogenic.

Am`y*lop"sin (?), n. [Amylum + Gr. &?; appearance.] (Physiol. Chem.) The diastase of the pancreatic juice.

An"a*branch (?), n. [Anastomosing + branch.] A branch of a river that reënters, or anastomoses with, the main stream; also, less properly, a branch which loses itself in sandy soil. [Australia]

Such branches of a river as after separation reunite, I would term anastomosing branches; or, if a word might be coined, anabranches, and the islands they form branch islands.

{ ||An*a`ër*o"bi*a (?), An*a"ër*obes (?) }, n. pl. [NL. anaerobia; an-not + aëro- + Gr.&?; life.] (Bacteriol.) Anaërobic bacteria. They are called facultative anaërobia when able to live either in the presence or absence of free oxygen; obligate, or obligatory, anaërobia when they thrive only in its absence.

An*a`ë*rob"ic (?), a. [Pref. an- not + aërobic.] (Biol.) Not requiring air or oxygen for life; -- applied especially to those microbes to which free oxygen is unnecessary; anaërobiotic; -- opposed to aërobic.

{ An*al"gen (?), An*al"gene (?) }, n.} [Gr. &?; painless.] A crystalline compound used as an antipyretic and analgesic, employed chiefly in rheumatism and neuralgia. It is a complex derivative of quinoline.

An`a*mor"pho*scope (?), n. [Anamorphosis + -scope.] An instrument for restoring a picture or image distorted by anamorphosis to its normal proportions. It usually consists of a cylindrical mirror.

An`a*seis"mic (?), a. [Cf. Gr. &?; a shaking up and down.] Moving up and down; -- said of earthquake shocks.

An*as`tig*mat"ic (?), a. [Pref. an- not + astigmatic.] (Optics) Not astigmatic; -- said esp. of a lens system which consists of a converging lens and a diverging lens of equal and opposite astigmatism but different focal lengths, and sensibly free from astigmatism.

A*nas"to*mose (?), v. i. Of any channels or lines, to meet and unite or run into each other, as rivers; to coalesce; to interjoin.

An"chor es*cape"ment. (Horol.) (a) The common recoil escapement. (b) A variety of the lever escapement with a wide impulse pin.

Anchor light. (Naut.) The lantern shown at night by a vessel at anchor. International rules of the road require vessels at anchor to carry from sunset to sunrise a single white light forward if under 150 feet in length, and if longer, two such lights, one near the stern and one forward.

Anchor shot. (Billiards) A shot made with the object balls in an anchor space.

Anchor space. (Billiards) In the balk-line game, any of eight spaces, 7 inches by 3½, lying along a cushion and bisected transversely by a balk line. Object balls in an anchor space are treated as in balk.

Anchor watch. (Naut.) A detail of one or more men who keep watch on deck at night when a vessel is at anchor.

An"cil*la*ry ad*min`is*tra"tion. (Law) An administration subordinate to, and in aid of, the primary or principal administration of an estate.

An`dro*ceph"a*lous (?), a. [Gr. &?;, &?;, man + &?; head.] Having a human head (upon an animal's body), as the Egyptian sphinx.

{ An`dro*di*œ"cious, -di*e"cious (?) }, a. [Gr. &?;, &?;, man + E. diœcious.] (Bot.) Having perfect and staminate flowers on different plants. -- An`dro*di*œ"cism, -di*e"cism (#), n.

{ An"dro*mede (?), An"dro*med (?) }, n.} (Astron.) A meteor appearing to radiate from a point in the constellation Andromeda, -- whence the name.

&fist; A shower of these meteors takes place every year on November 27th or 28th. The Andromedes are also called Bielids, as they are connected with Biela's comet and move in its orbit.

||An`dro*po"gon (?), n. [NL.; Gr. 'anh`r, 'andro`s, man + pw`gwn the beard.] (Bot.) A very large and important genus of grasses, found in nearly all parts of the world. It includes the lemon grass of Ceylon and the beard grass, or broom sedge, of the United States. The principal subgenus is Sorghum, including A. sorghum and A. halepensis, from which have been derived the Chinese sugar cane, the Johnson grass, the Aleppo grass, the broom corn, and the durra, or Indian millet. Several East Indian species, as A. nardus and A. schœnanthus, yield fragrant oils, used in perfumery.

||An`e*mo"sis (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr.&?; wind.] A condition in the wood of some trees in which the rings are separated, as some suppose, by the action of high winds upon the trunk; wind shake.

{ ||An*er"gi*a , An"er*gy (?), } n. [NL. anergia, fr. Gr. &?;- not + &?; work.] Lack of energy; inactivity. -- An*er"gic (#), a.

||An`gi*o"ma (?), n.; L. pl. -omata (#). [NL.; angio- + -oma.] (Med.) A tumor composed chiefly of dilated blood or lymph vessels. -- An`gi*om"a*tous (#), a.

||An`gi*o*neu*ro"sis (?), n. [NL.; angio- + neurosis.] (Med.) Any disorder of the vasomotor system; neurosis of a blood vessel. -- An`gi*o*neu*rot"ic (#), a.

An`gi*op"a*thy (?), n. [Angio- + Gr. &?; disease.] (Med.) Disease of the vessels, esp. the blood vessels.

An"gle of en"try. (Aëronautics) The angle between the tangent to the advancing edge (of an aërocurve) and the line of motion; -- contrasted with angle of trail, which is the angle between the tangent to the following edge and the line of motion.

Angle of incidence. (Aëronautics) The angle between the chord of an aërocurve and the relative direction of the undisturbed air current.

An"glo-Ca*thol"i*cism (?), n. The belief of those in the Church of England who accept many doctrines and practices which they maintain were those of the primitive, or true, Catholic Church, of which they consider the Church of England to be the lineal descendant.

An*gus"ti*clave (ăn*gŭs"t&ibreve;*klāv), n. [L. angustus narrow + clavus a nail, a stripe.] (Rom. Antiq.) A narrow stripe of purple worn by the equites on each side of the tunic as a sign of rank.

An"i*lin*ism (?), n. [Aniline + -ism.] (Med.) A disease due to inhaling the poisonous fumes present in the manufacture of aniline.

An`i*mal"cu*lism (?), n. (Biol.) The theory that the spermatozoön and not the ovum contains the whole of the embryo; spermatism; -- opposed to ovism.

||An`i*so*co"ri*a (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; + &?; pupil.] (Med.) Inequality of the pupils of the eye.

An"i*sol (?), n. [Anisic + - ol.] (Chem.) Methyl phenyl ether, C₆H₅OCH₃, got by distilling anisic acid or by the action of methide on potassium phenolate.

||An`i*so*me*tro"pi*a (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; + &?; measure + &?;, &?;, eye.] Unequal refractive power in the two eyes.

An"i*so*spore` (?), n. [Gr. &?; priv. + isospore.] (Biol.) A sexual spore in which the sexes differ in size; -- opposed to isospore.

An"i*syl (?), n. (Org. Chem.) (a) The univalent radical, CH₃OC₆H₄, of which anisol is the hydride. (b) The univalent radical CH₃OC₆H₄CH₂; as, anisyl alcohol. (c) The univalent radical CH₃OC₆H₄CO, of anisic acid.

||A*ni"to (?), n.; pl. - tos (#). [Sp.] In Guam and the Philippines, an idol, fetich, or spirit.

Ankh (?), n. [Egypt.] (Egypt. Archæol.) A tau cross with a loop at the top, used as an attribute or sacred emblem, symbolizing generation or enduring life. Called also crux ansata.

||An"kus (?), n. [Hind., fr. Skr. a&ndot;kuça.] An elephant goad with a sharp spike and hook, resembling a short-handled boat hook. [India] Kipling.

||An`ky*los*to*mi"a*sis (?), n. [NL., fr. Ankylostoma, var. of Agchylostoma, generic name of one genus of the parasitic nematodes.] (Med.) A disease due to the presence of the parasites Agchylostoma duodenale, Uncinaria (subgenus Necator) americana, or allied nematodes, in the small intestine. When present in large numbers they produce a severe anæmia by sucking the blood from the intestinal walls. Called also miner's anæmia, tunnel disease, brickmaker's anæmia, Egyptian chlorosis.

||An"laut` (?), n. [G.; an on + laut sound.] (Phon.) An initial sound, as of a word or syllable.

-- Im anlaut, initially; when initial; -- used of sounds.

An*nun`ci*a"tion lil"y (?). (Bot.) The common white lily (Lilium candidum). So called because it is usually introduced by painters in pictures of the Annunciation.

An`o*et"ic (?), a. [Gr. &?; unthinkable; &?; priv. + &?; perceptible, thinkable.] 1. Unthinkable. [Rare]

2. (Psychol.) Not subject to conscious attention; having an indefinite, relatively passive, conscious being; characteristic of the "fringe" or "margin" of consciousness.

Presentation considered as having an existence relatively independent of thought, may be called sentience, or anoetic consciousness. Thought and sentience are fundamentally distinct mental functions.

||A*noph"e*les (&adot;*n&obreve;f"&esl;*lēz), n. [NL., fr. Gr. 'anwfelh`s useless, hurtful.] (Zoöl.) A genus of mosquitoes which are secondary hosts of the malaria parasites, and whose bite is the usual, if not the only, means of infecting human beings with malaria. Several species are found in the United States. They may be distinguished from the ordinary mosquitoes of the genus Culex by the long slender palpi, nearly equaling the beak in length, while those of the female Culex are very short. They also assume different positions when resting, Culex usually holding the body parallel to the surface on which it rests and keeping the head and beak bent at an angle, while Anopheles holds the body at an angle with the surface and the head and beak in line with it. Unless they become themselves infected by previously biting a subject affected with malaria, the insects cannot transmit the disease.

A*nor"tho*clase (?), n. [Gr. &?; priv. + orthoclase.] (Min.) A feldspar closely related to orthoclase, but triclinic. It is chiefly a silicate of sodium, potassium, and aluminium. Sp. gr., 2.57 -- 2.60.

||An`or*tho"pi*a (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; priv. + ortho- + Gr. &?;, &?;, the eye.] (Med.) Distorted vision, in which straight lines appear bent.

A*nor"tho*site (?), n. [F. anorthose triclinic feldspar (fr. Gr. &?; priv. + &?; straight) + -ite.] (Petrol.) A granular igneous rock composed almost exclusively of a soda-lime feldspar, usually labradorite.

||An`ox*æ"mi*a, -e"mi*a (&?;), n. [NL.; Gr. &?; priv. + oxygen + Gr. &?; blood.] (Med.) An abnormal condition due to deficient aëration of the blood, as in balloon sickness, mountain sickness. -- An`ox*æ"mic, *e"mic (#), a.

Ant cow. (Zoöl.) Any aphid from which ants obtain honeydew.

An"te*choir` (?), n. (Arch.) (a) A space inclosed or reserved at the entrance to the choir, for the clergy and choristers. (b) Where a choir is divided, as in some Spanish churches, that division of it which is the farther from the sanctuary.

||An`te mor"tem (?). [L.] Before death; -- generally used adjectivelly; as, an ante-mortem statement; ante- mortem examination.

&fist; The ante-mortem statement, or dying declaration made in view of death, by one injured, as to the cause and manner of the injury, is often receivable in evidence against one charged with causing the death.

An*thoph"i*lous (?), a. [Gr. 'a`nqos flower + fi`los loving.] (Zoöl.) Lit., fond of flowers; hence, feeding upon, or living among, flowers.

An"thra*cene oil (?). A heavy green oil (partially solidifying on cooling), which distills over from coal tar at a temperature above 270°. It is the principal source of anthracene.

An*thrac"nose` (?), n. [Gr. &?;, &?;, carbuncle + &?; disease.] (Bot.) Any one of several fungus diseases, caused by parasitic species of the series Melanconiales, attacking the bean, grape, melon, cotton, and other plants. In the case of the grape, brown concave spots are formed on the stem and fruit, and the disease is called bird's-eye rot.

||An`thra*co"sis (?), n. [NL. See Anthrax.] (Med.) A chronic lung disease, common among coal miners, due to the inhalation of coal dust; -- called also collier's lung and miner's phthisis.

An"thrax vac"cine. (Veter.) A fluid vaccine obtained by growing a bacterium (Bacterium anthracis) in beef broth. It is used to immunize animals, esp. cattle.

An`thro*po*ge*og"ra*phy (?), n. [Gr. &?; man + geography.] The science of the human species as to geographical distribution and environment. Broadly, it includes industrial, commercial, and political geography, and that part of ethnology which deals with distribution and physical environment. -- An`thro*po*ge*og"ra*pher (#), n. -- An`thro*po*ge`o*graph"ic*al (#), a.

{ An`thro*po*nom"ics (?), An`thro*pon"o*my (?) }, n.} [Gr. &?; man + &?; usage, law, rule.] The science of the laws of the development of the human organism in relation to other organisms and to environment. -- An`thro*po*nom"ic*al (#), a.

An`thro*pop"a*thite (?), n. One who ascribes human feelings to deity.

An`ti*bac*te"ri*al (?), a. (Med.) (a) Inimical to bacteria; -- applied esp. to serum for protection against bacterial diseases. (b) Opposed to the bacterial theory of disease.

An"ti*bod`y (?), n. (Physiol. Chem.) Any of various bodies or substances in the blood which act in antagonism to harmful foreign bodies, as toxins or the bacteria producing the toxins. Normal blood serum apparently contains variousantibodies, and the introduction of toxins or of foreign cells also results in the development of their specific antibodies.

An`ti*bu*bon"ic (?), a. Good or used against bubonic plague; as, antibubonic serum, obtained from immunized horses; antibubonic vaccine, a sterilized bouillon culture of the plague bacillus; antibubonic measures.

An"ti*cline (?), n. [See Anticlinal.] (Geol.) A structure of bedded rocks in which the beds on both sides of an axis or axial plane dip away from the axis; an anticlinal.

An`ti*co*her"er (?), n. (Wireless Teleg.) A device, one form of which consists of a scratched deposit of silver on glass, used in connection with the receiving apparatus for reading wireless signals. The electric waves falling on this contrivance increase its resistance several times. The anticoherer can be used in conjunction with a telephone.

An`ti*diph`the*rit"ic (?), a. (Med.) Destructive to, or hindering the growth of, diphtheria bacilli. -- n. An antidiphtheritic agent.

An`ti-im*pe"ri*al*ism (?), n. Opposition to imperialism; -- applied specif., in the United States, after the Spanish-American war (1898), to the attitude or principles of those opposing territorial expansion; in England, of those, often called Little Englanders, opposing the extension of the empire and the closer relation of its parts, esp. in matters of commerce and imperial defense. -- An`ti- im*pe"ri*al*ist, n. -- An`ti- im*pe`ri*al*is"tic (#), a.

An"ti*mon*soon" (?), n. (Meteor.) The upper, contrary-moving current of the atmosphere over a monsoon.

An"ti*pasch (?), n. [Pref. anti- + pasch.] (Eccl.) The Sunday after Easter; Low Sunday.

An`ti-Sem"i*tism (?), n. Opposition to, or hatred of, Semites, esp. Jews. -- An`ti-Sem"ite (#), n. -- An`ti-Sem*it"ic (#), a.

||An`ti*sep"sis (&?;), n. [NL. See Anti-; Sepsis.] Prevention of sepsis by excluding or destroying microorganisms.

An`ti*si*al"a*gogue (?), a. (Med.) Checking the flow of saliva.

An`ti*si*al"a*gogue, n. A remedy against excessive salivation.

An"ti-trade`, n. A westerly wind which blows nearly continuously between 30° and 50° of latitude in both the northern and the southern hemisphere.

An`ti*ve"nin (?), n. [Written also antivenen, antivenine.] [Pref. anti- + L. venenum poison.] (Physiol. Chem.) The serum of blood rendered antitoxic to a venom by repeated injections of small doses of the venom.

A*part"ment house. A building comprising a number of suites designed for separate housekeeping tenements, but having conveniences, such as heat, light, elevator service, etc., furnished in common; -- often distinguished in the United States from a flat house.

||A`per`çu" (&adot;`pâr`s&usdot;"), n.; pl. Aperçus (- s&usdot;"). [F., prop. p. p. of apercevoir to perceive.] 1. A first view or glance, or the perception or estimation so obtained; an immediate apprehension or insight, appreciative rather than analytic.

The main object being to develop the several aperçus or insights which furnish the method of such psychology.

A series of partial and more or less disparate aperçus or outlooks; each for itself a center of experience.

2. Hence, a brief or detached view; conspectus; sketch.

A*pho"tic (&adot;*fō"t&ibreve;k), a. [Gr. 'a`fws, 'a`fwtos.] Without light.

Aphotic region. (Phytogeog.) A depth of water so great that only those organisms can exist that do not assimilate.

||A*phra"si*a (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. 'a priv. + fra`sis speech.] (Med.) (a) = Dumbness. (b) A disorder of speech in which words can be uttered but not intelligibly joined together.

A`pi*ol"o*gy (?), n. [L. apis bee + -logy.] The scientific or systematic study of honey bees.

A*plan`o*ga*mete" (?), n. (Bot.) A nonmotile gamete, found in certain lower algæ.

||A*pla"si*a (?), n. [NL.; Gr. &?; priv. + &?; a molding.] (Med.) Incomplete or faulty development.

Ap`neu*mat"ic (?), a. [Gr. &?; not blown through.] (Med.) Devoid of air; free from air; as, an apneumatic lung; also, effected by or with exclusion of air; as, an apneumatic operation.

A*poc"a*lypse (?), n. (Eccl.) One of a numerous class of writings proceeding from Jewish authors between 250 b. c. and 150 a. d., and designed to propagate the Jewish faith or to cheer the hearts of the Jewish people with the promise of deliverance and glory; or proceeding from Christian authors of the opening centuries and designed to portray the future.

Ap`o*chro*mat"ic (?), a. [Pref. apo- + chromatic.] (Optics) Free from chromatic and spherical aberration; -- said esp. of a lens in which rays of three or more colors are brought to the same focus, the degree of achromatism thus obtained being more complete than where two rays only are thus focused, as in the ordinary achromatic objective. -- Ap`o*chro"ma*tism (#), n.

Ap`o*co*de"ine (?), n. [Pref. apo- + codeine.] (Chem.) An alkaloid, &?;, prepared from codeine. In its effects it resembles apomorphine.

Ap`o*se*mat"ic (?), a. [Pref. apo- + sematic.] (Zoöl.) Having or designating conspicuous or warning colors or structures indicative of special means of defense against enemies, as in the skunk.

Ap`os*tol"ic del"e*gate. (R. C. Ch.) The diplomatic agent of the pope highest in grade, superior to a nuncio.

||Ap`pel" (?), n. [F., prop., a call. See Appeal, n.] (Fencing) A tap or stamp of the foot as a warning of intent to attack; -- called also attack.

{ Ap`pen*dec"to*my (?), Ap*pend`i*cec"to*my (?) }, n.} [Appendix + Gr. &?;, fr. &?; excision.] (Surg.) Excision of the vermiform appendix.

Ap*pen"dix, n. The vermiform appendix.

||Ap*pen"dix ver`mi*for"mis (?). [NL.] (Anat.) The vermiform appendix.

Ap*pos"a*ble (?), a. (Anat.) Capable of being apposed, or applied one to another, as the thumb to the fingers of the hand.

Ap*proach", n. (Golf) A stroke whose object is to land the ball on the putting green. It is made with an iron club.

||Ap`pui" (?), n. (Man.) The mutual bearing or support of the hand of the rider and the mouth of the horse through the bit and bridle. -- Point d'appui (&?;), any point of support or basis of operations, as a rallying point.

||A*ra"ba (?), n. [Written also aroba and arba.] [Ar. or Turk. 'arabah: cf. Russ. arba.] A wagon or cart, usually heavy and without springs, and often covered. [Oriental]

The araba of the Turks has its sides of latticework to admit the air

||Ar`a*ro"ba (?), n. [Tupi.] 1. Goa powder.

2. A fabaceous tree of Brazil (Centrolobium robustum) having handsomely striped wood; -- called also zebrawood.

Arc (ärk), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Arcked (ärkt); p. pr. & vb. n. Arcking.] (Elec.) To form a voltaic arc, as an electrical current in a broken or disconnected circuit.

Ar"chi*bald wheel (?). A metal-hubbed wheel of great strength and elasticity, esp. adapted for artillery carriages and motor cars.

Ar"cho*plasm (?), n. [See Archon; Plasma.] (Biol.) The substance from which attraction spheres develop in mitotic cell division, and of which they consist.

Arc light. (Elec.) The light of an arc lamp.

Ar`dois" sys"tem (?). (Naut.) A widely used system of electric night signals in which a series of double electric lamps (white and red) is arranged vertically on a mast, and operated from a keyboard below.

{ A*re"co*line (?), n. Also - lin }. [From NL. Areca, a genus of palms bearing betel nut.] An oily liquid substance, C₈H₁₃O₂N, the chief alkaloid of the betel nut, to which the latter owes its anthelmintic action.

||A`rête" (?), n. [F., lit., a sharp fish bone, ridge, sharp edge, fr. L. arista beard of grain.] (Geog.) An acute and rugged crest of a mountain range or a subsidiary ridge between two mountain gorges.

Ar`gen*ta"li*um (?), n. [NL.; L. argentum silver + E. aluminium.] A (patented) alloy of aluminium and silver, with a density of about 2.9.

{ Ar*gen"ta*mine (?), n. Also - min }. [L. argentum silver + E. amine.] (Med.) A solution of silver phosphate in an aqueous solution of ethylene diamine, used as an antiseptic astringent and as a disinfectant.

Ar"gon (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?;, neut. of &?; inactive; &?; priv. + &?; work.] (Chem.) A colorless, odorless gas occurring in the air (of which it constitutes 0.93 per cent by volume), in volcanic gases, etc.; -- so named on account of its inertness by Rayleigh and Ramsay, who prepared and examined it in 1894-95. Symbol, A; at. wt., 39.9. Argon is condensible to a colorless liquid boiling at -186.1° C. and to a solid melting at -189.6° C. It has a characteristic spectrum. No compounds of it are known, but there is physical evidence that its molecule is monatomic. Weight of one liter at 0° C. and 760 mm., 1.7828 g.

Ar"go*naut (?), n. One of those who went to California in search of gold shortly after it was discovered there in 1848. [U. S.] Bret Harte.

The "Argonauts of '49" were a strong, self- reliant, generous body of men.

A"ri*el (?), n. [Heb. ariël, perh. confused with E. aërial.] In the Cabala, a water spirit; in later folklore, a light and graceful spirit of the air.

&fist; In zoölogy, ariel is used adjectively of certain birds noted for their graceful flight; as, the ariel toucan; the ariel petrel.

Ar"il*lode (?), n. [Arillus + Gr. &?; form.] (Bot.) A false aril; an aril originating from the micropyle instead of from the funicle or chalaza of the ovule. The mace of the nutmeg is an arillode.

A*ris"to*type` (?), n. [Gr. &?; best + -type.] (Photog.) Orig., a printing-out process using paper coated with silver chloride in gelatin; now, any such process using silver salts in either collodion or gelatin; also, a print so made.

Ar*kose" (?), n. [F] (Petrog) A sandstone derived from the disintegration of granite or gneiss, and characterized by feldspar fragments. -- Ar*kos"ic (#), a.

Ar"ma*ture (?), n. (Elec.) That part of a dynamo or electric generator or of an electric motor in which a current is induced by a relatively moving magnetic field. The armature usually consists of a series of coils or groups of insulated conductors surrounding a core of iron.

Ar"mored cruis"er. (Nav.) A man-of-war carrying a large coal supply, and more or less protected from the enemy's shot by iron or steel armor. There is no distinct and accepted classification distinguishing armored and protected cruisers from each other, except that the first have more or heavier armor than the second.

Army organization. The system by which a country raises, classifies, arranges, and equips its armed land forces. The usual divisions are: (1) A regular or active army, in which soldiers serve continuously with the colors and live in barracks or cantonments when not in the field; (2) the reserves of this army, in which the soldiers, while remaining constantly subject to a call to the colors, live at their homes, being summoned more or less frequently to report for instruction, drill, or maneuvers; and (3) one or more classes of soldiers organized largely for territorial defense, living at home and having only occasional periods of drill and instraction, who are variously called home reserves (as in the table below), second, third, etc., line of defense (the regular army and its reserves ordinarily constituting the first line of defense), territorial forces, or the like. In countries where conscription prevails a soldier is supposed to serve a given number of years. He is usually enrolled first in the regular army, then passes to its reserve, then into the home reserves, to serve until he reaches the age limit. It for any reason he is not enrolled in the regular army, he may begin his service in the army reserves or even the home reserves, but then serves the full number of years or up to the age limit. In equipment the organization of the army is into the three great arms of infantry, cavalry, and artillery, together with more or less numerous other branches, such as engineers, medical corps, etc., besides the staff organizations such as those of the pay and subsistence departments.

{ ||Ar*naut" ||Ar*naout" } (?), n. [Turk. Arnaut, fr. NGr. &?;, for &?;.] An inhabitant of Albania and neighboring mountainous regions, specif. one serving as a soldier in the Turkish army.

Ar"oid (?), n. [Arum + - oid.] (Bot.) Any plant of the Arum family (Araceæ).

A*rol"la (&adot;*r&obreve;l"l&adot;), n. [F. arolle.] (Bot.) The stone pine (Pinus Cembra).

||Ar"rha (?), n.; pl. Arrhæ (#). [L. Cf. Earnest.] (Law) Money or other valuable thing given to evidence a contract; a pledge or earnest.

||Ar*te`ri*o*scle*ro"sis (är*tē`r&ibreve;*&osl;*skl&esl;*rō"s&ibreve;s), n. [Gr. 'arthri`a artery + sclerosis.] (Med.) Abnormal thickening and hardening of the walls of the arteries, esp. of the intima, occurring mostly in old age. -- Ar*te`ri*o*scle*rot"ic (#), a.

||Ar`thro*chon*dri"tis (?), n. [NL.] (Med.) Chondritis of a joint.

||Ar*throd"e*sis (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; joint + &?; a binding together.] (Surg.) Surgical fixation of joints.

Ar*throp"a*thy (?), n. [Gr. &?; joint + &?;, &?;, to suffer.] (Med.) Any disease of the joints.

Ar"thro*spore (?), n. [Gr. &?; joint + E. spore.] (Bacteriol.) A bacterial resting cell, - - formerly considered a spore, but now known to occur even in endosporous bacteria. -- Ar`thro*spor"ic (#), Ar*thros"po*rous (#), a.

Ar"thro*tome (?), n. [Gr. &?; joint + &?; to cut.] (Surg.) A strong scalpel used in the dissection of joints.

Ar*thu"ri*an (?), a. Of or pertaining to King Arthur or his knights. J. R. Symonds.

In magnitude, in interest, and as a literary origin, the Arthurian invention dwarfs all other things in the book.

Ar"ti*fact (?), n. [L. ars, artis, art + facere, factum, to make.] 1. (Archæol.) A product of human workmanship; -- applied esp. to the simpler products of aboriginal art as distinguished from natural objects.

2. (Biol.) A structure or appearance in protoplasm due to death or the use of reagents and not present during life.

Ar*til"ler*y wheel. A kind of heavily built dished wheel with a long axle box, used on gun carriages, usually having 14 spokes and 7 felloes; hence, a wheel of similar construction for use on automobiles, etc.

||As`ca*ri"a*sis (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; an intestinal worm.] (Med.) A disease, usually accompanied by colicky pains and diarrhea, caused by the presence of ascarids in the gastrointestinal canal.

As"co*carp (?), n. [Gr. 'asko`s a bladder + karpo`s fruit.] (Bot.) In ascomycetous fungi, the spherical, discoid, or cup-shaped body within which the asci are collected, and which constitutes the mature fructification. The different forms are known in mycology under distinct names. Called also spore fruit.

||As`co*my*ce"tes (?), n. pl. [NL.; ascus + Gr. &?;, &?;, fungus.] (Bot.) A large class of higher fungi distinguished by septate hyphæ, and by having their spores formed in asci, or spore sacs. It comprises many orders, among which are the yeasts, molds, mildews, truffles, morels, etc. -- As`co*my*ce"tous (#), a.

||A*se"mi*a (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; priv. + &?; sign.] (Med.) Loss of power to express, or to understand, symbols or signs of thought.

||A*sep"sis (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; priv. + sepsis.] State of being aseptic; the methods or processes of asepticizing.

A*sex`u*al*i*za"tion (?), n. [Asexual + -ize + -ation.] The act or process of sterilizing an animal or human being, as by vasectomy.

As"pect, n. (Aëronautics) A view of a plane from a given direction, usually from above; more exactly, the manner of presentation of a plane to a fluid through which it is moving or to a current. If an immersed plane meets a current of fluid long side foremost, or in broadside aspect, it sustains more pressure than when placed short side foremost. Hence, long narrow wings are more effective than short broad ones of the same area.

Aspect ratio. (Aëronautics) The ratio of the long to the short side of an aëroplane, aërocurve, or wing.

As"pi*rin (?), n. (Pharm.) A white crystalline compound of acetyl and salicylic acid used as a drug for the salicylic acid liberated from it in the intestines.

As"say pound. A small standard weight used in assaying bullion, etc., sometimes equaling 0.5 gram, but varying with the assayer.

Assay ton. A weight of 29.166 + grams used in assaying, for convenience. Since it bears the same relation to the milligram that a ton of 2000 avoirdupois pounds does to the troy ounce, the weight in milligrams of precious metal obtained from an assay ton of ore gives directly the number of ounces to the ton.

As*sem"ble, v. t. To collect and put together the parts of; as, to assemble a bicycle, watch, gun, or other manufactured article.

AS*sign" (?), v. i. (Law) To transfer or pass over property to another, whether for the benefit of the assignee or of the assignor's creditors, or in furtherance of some trust.

As"ta*tize (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Astatized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Astatizing.] (Magnetism) To render astatic.

As*tat"ki (?), n. [From Russ. ostatki remnants, pl. of ostatok.] A thick liquid residuum obtained in the distillation of Russian petroleum, much used as fuel.

As"ter, n. (Biol.) A star- shaped figure of achromatic substance found chiefly in cells dividing by mitosis.

As*ter"o*pe (?), n. [Gr. &?;, lit., lightning.] 1. (Myth.) One of the Pleiades; -- called also Sterope.

2. (Astron.) A double star in the Pleiades (21 k and 22 l Pleiadum, of the 5.8 and 6.4 magnitude respectively), appearing as a single star of the 5.3 magnitude to the naked eye.

Asth"ma pa"per. Paper impregnated with saltpeter. The fumes from the burning paper are often inhaled as an alleviative by asthmatics.

As"tral, a. 1. (Biol.) Of or pertaining to an aster; as, astral rays; astral sphere.

2. (Theosophy) Consisting of, belonging to, or designating, a kind of supersensible substance alleged to be next above the tangible world in refinement; as, astral spirits; astral bodies of persons; astral current.

As`tro*pho*tom"e*ter (?), n. [Pref. astro- + photometer.] (Astron.) A photometer for measuring the brightness of stars.

As`tro*pho*tom"e*try (?), n. (Astron.) The determination of the brightness of stars, and also of the sun, moon, and planets. -- As`tro*pho`to*met"ric*al (#), a.

As`tro*phys"ics (?), n. [Astro- + physics.] (Astron.) The science treating of the physical characteristics of the stars and other heavenly bodies, their chemical constitution, light, heat, atmospheres, etc.

&fist; Its observations are made with the spectroscope, bolometer, etc., usually in connection with the telescope.

A*syn"chro*nous (?), a. [Gr. &?; not + synchronous.] Not simultaneous; not concurrent in time; -- opposed to synchronous.

At`a*mas"co lil"y (?). [Atamasco is fr. North American Indian.] (Bot.) See under Lily.

{ A`te*lets" sauce (?) or ||Sauce` aux ha`te*lets" (?) }. [F. hâtelet skewer.] A sauce (such as egg and bread crumbs) used for covering bits of meat, small birds, or fish, strung on skewers for frying.

{ ||Ath`a*na"si*a (?), A*than"a*sy (?) }, n. [NL. athanasia, fr. Gr. &?;; &?; priv. + &?; death.] The quality of being deathless; immortality.

Is not a scholiastic athanasy better than none?

Ath"e*tize (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Athetized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Athetizing (?).] [Gr. &?;, fr. &?; set aside, not fixed; &?; not + &?; to place.] To set aside or reject as spurious, as by marking with an obelus.

||A*threp"si*a (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; priv. + &?; nourishment.] (Med.) Profound debility of children due to lack of food and to unhygienic surroundings. -- A*threp"tic (#), a.

At"las pow"der. A blasting powder or dynamite composed of nitroglycerin, wood fiber, sodium nitrate, and magnesium carbonate.

||At"man (?), n. [Skr. ātman.] (Hinduism) (a) The life principle, soul, or individual essence. (b) The universal ego from whom all individual atmans arise. This sense is a European excrescence on the East Indian thought.

At*mi"a*try (?), n. [Gr. &?; vapor + &?; medical treatment, healing.] Treatment of disease by vapors or gases, as by inhalation.

||A*to"le (?), n. [Mex. Sp.] A porridge or gruel of maize meal and water, milk, or the like. [Sp. Amer.]

A*tone"ment, n. -- Day of Atonement (Jewish Antiq.), the only fast day of the Mosaic ritual, celebrated on the tenth day of the seventh month (Tisri), according to the rites described in Leviticus xvi.

||A"tri*um, n. (Anat.) A cavity, entrance, or passage; as, the atrium, or atrial cavity, in the body wall of the amphioxus; an atrium of the infundibula of the lungs, etc.

At*trac"tion sphere. 1. (Zoöl.) (a) The central mass of the aster in mitotic cell division; centrosphere. (b) Less often, the mass of archoplasm left by the aster in the resting cell.

2. (Bot.) A small body situated on or near the nucleus in the cells of some of the lower plants, consisting of two centrospheres containing centrosomes. It exercises an important function in mitosis.

At*tri"tus (?), n. [L. attritus, p. p. of atterere; ad + terere to rub.] Matter pulverized by attrition.

Auc"tion bridge. A variety of the game of bridge in which the players, beginning with the dealer, bid for the privilege of naming the trump and playing with the dummy for that deal, there being heavy penalties for a player's failure to make good his bid. The score value of each trick more than six taken by the successful bidder is as follows: when the trump is spades, 2; clubs, 6; diamonds, 7; hearts, 8; royal spades (lilies), 9; and when the deal is played with no trump, 10.

Auction pitch. A game of cards in which the players bid for the privilege of determining or "pitching" the trump suit. R. F. Foster.

Au"dile (?), n. [L. audire to hear.] (Psychol.) One whose thoughts take the form of mental sounds or of internal discourse rather than of visual or motor images.

||Auf"klä*rung (?), n. [G., enlightenment.] A philosophic movement of the 18th century characterized by a lively questioning of authority, keen interest in matters of politics and general culture, and an emphasis on empirical method in science. It received its impetus from the unsystematic but vigorous skepticism of Pierre Bayle, the physical doctrines of Newton, and the epistemological theories of Locke, in the preceding century. Its chief center was in France, where it gave rise to the skepticism of Voltaire , the naturalism of Rousseau, the sensationalism of Condillac, and the publication of the "Encyclopedia" by D'Alembert and Diderot. In Germany, Lessing, Mendelssohn, and Herder were representative thinkers, while the political doctrines of the leaders of the American Revolution and the speculations of Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Paine represented the movement in America.

||Au` fond" (?). [F., lit., at the bottom.] At bottom; fundamentally; essentially.

||Au` gra`tin" (?). [F.] (Cookery) With a crust made by browning in the oven; as, spaghetti may be served au gratin.

{ Auld licht (?), Auld light }. (Eccl. Hist.) (a) A member of the conservative party in the Church of Scotland in the latter part of the 18th century. (b) Same as Burgher, n., 2.

||Au` re*voir" (?). [F., lit., to the seeing again.] Good-by until we meet again.

Au`ri*lave (?), n. [L. auris ear + lavare to wash.] An instrument for cleansing the ear, consisting of a small piece of sponge on an ivory or bone handle.

Aus"tral (?), a. (Biogeography) Designating, or pert. to, a zone extending across North America between the Transition and Tropical zones, and including most of the United States and central Mexico except the mountainous parts.

Aus*tra"li*an bal"lot. (Law) A system of balloting or voting in public elections, originally used in South Australia, in which there is such an arrangement for polling votes that secrecy is compulsorily maintained, and the ballot used is an official ballot printed and distributed by the government.

||Aus"zug` (ous"ts&oomac;k), n.; Ger. pl. -zÜge (-tsü`g&etilde;). [G.] See Army organization, Switzerland.

Au"to- (?). An abbrev. of automobile, used as a prefix with the meaning of self-moving, self- propelling; as, an autocar, an autocarriage, an autotruck, etc., an automobile car, carriage, truck, etc.

Au`to*ca*tal"y*sis (?), n. [Auto- + catalysis.] (Chem.) Self-catalysis; catalysis of a substance by one of its own products, as of silver oxide by the silver formed by reduction of a small portion of it. -- Au`to*cat`a*lyt"ic (#), a.

Au`to*clas"tic (?), a. [See Auto- ; Clastic.] (Geol.) Broken in place; -- said of rocks having a broken or brecciated structure due to crushing, in contrast to those of brecciated materials brought from a distance.

Au`to*co*her"er (?), n. [Auto- + coherer.] (Wireless Teleg.) A self-restoring coherer, as a microphonic detector.

Au`to*dy*nam"ic (?), a. [Auto- + dynamic.] Supplying its own power, as a hydraulic ram.

Au*tœ"cious (?), a. [Auto- + Gr. &?; house.] (Biol.) Passing through all its stages on one host, as certain parasitic fungi; -- contrasted with heterœcious.

Au*tœ"cism (?), n. Quality of being autœcious.

Au`to*ge*net"ic, a. (Phys. Geog.) Pertaining to, controlled by, or designating, a system of self- determined drainage.

Autogenetic drainage. (Phys. Geog.) A system of natural drainage developed by the constituent streams through headwater erosion.

Autogenetic topography. (Phys. Geog.) A system of land forms produced by the free action of rain and streams on rocks of uniform texture.

Au*tog"e*nous (?), a. Autogenetic.

Au"to*harp (?), n. [Auto- + harp.] A zitherlike musical instrument, provided with dampers which, when depressed, deaden some strings, leaving free others that form a chord.

Au`to*hyp*not"ic (?), a. Pert. to autohypnotism; self-hypnotizing. -- n. An autohypnotic person.

Au`to*hyp"no*tism (?), n. [Auto- + hypnotism.] Hypnotism of one's self by concentration of the attention on some object or idea.

Au`to-in*fec"tion, n. [Auto- + infection.] (Med.) Poisoning caused by a virus that originates and develops in the organism itself.

Au`to-in*oc`u*la"tion, n. [Auto- + inoculation.] (Med.) Inoculation of a person with virus from his own body.

Au`to-in*tox`i*ca"tion, n. [Auto- + intoxication.] (Med.) Poisoning, or the state of being poisoned, from toxic substances produced within the body; autotoxæmia.

||Au`to*ki*ne"sis (?), n. [NL.; auto- + Gr. &?; motion.] (Physiol.) Spontaneous or voluntary movement; movement due to an internal cause.

Au`to*ki*net"ic (?), a. [Auto- + kinetic.] Self-moving; moving automatically.

Autokinetic system. In fire-alarm telegraphy, a system so arranged that when one alarm is being transmitted, no other alarm, sent in from another point, will be transmitted until after the first alarm has been disposed of.

Au`to*mixte" system (?). (Mach.) A system (devised by Henri Pieper, a Belgian) of driving automobiles employing a gasoline engine and an auxiliary reversible dynamo. When there is an excess of power the dynamo is driven by the engine so as to charge a small storage battery; when there is a deficiency of power the dynamo reverses and acts as an auxiliary motor. Sometimes called Pieper system. -- Automixte car, etc.

Au`to*mo"bile (?), n. [F.] An automobile vehicle or mechanism; esp., a self-propelled vehicle suitable for use on a street or roadway. Automobiles are usually propelled by internal combustion engines (using volatile inflammable liquids, as gasoline or petrol, alcohol, naphtha, etc.), steam engines, or electric motors. The power of the driving motor varies from about 4 to 50 H. P. for ordinary vehicles, ranging from the run- about to the touring car, up to as high as 200 H. P. for specially built racing cars. Automobiles are also commonly, and generally in British usage, called motor cars.

Au`to*mo"bil*ism (?), n. The use of automobiles, or the practices, methods, or the like, of those who use them. -- Au`to*mo"bil*ist, n.

Au`to*path"ic (?), a. [See Auto-, and Pathic, a.] (Med.) Dependent upon, or due or relating to, the structure and characteristics of the diseased organism; endopathic; as, an autopathic disease; an autopathic theory of diseases.

Au*toph"a*gy (?), n. [Gr. &?; self + &?; to eat.] (Med.) The feeding of the body upon itself, as in fasting; nutrition by consumption of one's own tissues.

Au`to*pneu*mat"ic (?), a. [Auto- + pneumatic.] Acting or moving automatically by means of compressed air.

Au`to*sta*bil"i*ty (?), n. [Auto- + stability.] (Mechanics) Automatic stability; also, inherent stability. An aëroplane is inherently stable if it keeps in steady poise by virtue of its shape and proportions alone; it is automatically stable if it keeps in steady poise by means of self- operative mechanism.

Au`to*sug*ges"tion (?), n. [Auto- + suggestion.] (Med.) Self-suggestion as distinguished from suggestion coming from another, esp. in hypnotism. Autosuggestion is characteristic of certain mental conditions in which expectant belief tends to produce disturbance of function of one or more organs.

||Au`to*tox*æ"mi*a, -tox*e"mi*a (&?;), n. [NL. See Auto-, and Toxæmia.] (Physiol.) Self-intoxication. See Auto- intoxication.

Au`to*tox"ic (?), a. [Auto- + toxic.] (Med.) Pertaining to, or causing, autotoxæmia.

Au`to*tox`i*ca"tion (?), n. [Auto- + toxication.] (Physiol.) Same as Auto- intoxication.

Au`to*trans*form"er (?), n. [Auto- + transformer.] (Elec.) A transformer in which part of the primary winding is used as a secondary winding, or vice versa; -- called also a compensator or balancing coil.

Au`to*troph"ic (?), a. [Auto- + trophic.] (Plant Physiol.) Capable of self- nourishment; -- said of all plants in which photosynthetic activity takes place, as opposed to parasitism or saprophytism.

Au*tot"ro*pism (?), n. [Auto- + Gr. &?; to turn.] (Plant Physiol.) The tendency of plant organs to grow in a straight line when uninfluenced by external stimuli.

Au"tun*ite (?), n. [From Autun, France, its locality.] (Min.) A lemon-yellow phosphate of uranium and calcium occurring in tabular crystals with basal cleavage, and in micalike scales. H., 2-2.5. Sp. gr., 3.05-3.19.

Aux*e"to*phone (?), n. [Gr. &?; that may be increased + &?; sound, voice.] A pneumatic reproducer for a phonograph, controlled by the recording stylus on the principle of the relay. It produces much clearer and louder tones than does the ordinary vibrating disk reproducer.

Aux*om"e*ter (?), n. [Gr. &?; to increase + -meter.] (Optics) An instrument for measuring the magnifying power of a lens or system of lenses.

A*ven"a*lin (?), n. [L. avena eats.] (Chem.) A crystalline globulin, contained in oat kernels, very similar in composition to excelsin, but different in reactions and crystalline form.

Av`er*run*ca"tor (?), n. An instrument for pruning trees, having two blades, or a blade and a hook, fixed on a long rod and operated by a string or wire.

A*ves"tan (?), a. Of or pertaining to the Avesta or the language of the Avesta. -- n. The language of the Avesta; -- less properly called Zend.

||A`vi*a"do (?), n. [Sp.] One who works a mine with means provided by another. [Sp. Amer. & Southwestern U. S.]

A"vi*ate (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Aviated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Aviating.] To fly, or navigate the air, in an aëroplane or heavier-than-air flying machine. [Colloq.]

A"vi*a`tor (?), n. The driver or pilot of an aëroplane, or heavier-than-air flying machine.

{ A"vi*a`tress (?), A`vi*a"trix (?) }, n. A woman aviator.

A`vi*ette" (?), n. A heavier-than- air flying machine in which the motive power is furnished solely by the aviator.

Awk"ward squad. (Mil.) A squad of inapt recruits assembled for special drill.

{ Ax"min*ster (?), n., or Axminster carpet }. (a) [More fully chenille Axminster.] A variety of Turkey carpet, woven by machine or, when more than 27 inches wide, on a hand loom, and consisting of strips of worsted chenille so colored as to produce a pattern on a stout jute backing. It has a fine soft pile. So called from Axminster, England, where it was formerly (1755 -- 1835) made. (b) A similar but cheaper machine- made carpet, resembling moquette in construction and appearance, but finer and of better material.

A*zo"gue (?), n. [Sp. See Azoth.] Lit.: Quicksilver; hence: pl. (Mining) Silver ores suitable for treatment by amalgamation with mercury. [Sp. Amer.]

Az"ole (?), n. [From Azote.] (Org. Chem.) Any of a large class of compounds characterized by a five-membered ring which contains an atom of nitrogen and at least one other noncarbon atom (nitrogen, oxygen, sulphur). The prefixes furo-, thio, and pyrro- are used to distinguish three subclasses of azoles, which may be regarded as derived respectively from furfuran, thiophene, and pyrrol by replacement of the CH group by nitrogen; as, furo-monazole. Names exactly analogous to those for the azines are also used; as, oxazole, diazole, etc.

||A*zo"te (?), n. [Sp.] A switch or whip. [Sp. Amer.]

Az"ot*ed (?), a. Nitrogenized; nitrogenous.

{ Az"o*tine (?), n. Also - tin }. [Azote + -ine.] 1. An explosive consisting of sodium nitrate, charcoal, sulphur, and petroleum.

2. = 1st Ammonite, 2.

||Az`o*tu"ri*a (?), n. [NL.; azote + Gr. &?; urine.] (Med.) Excess of urea or other nitrogenous substances in the urine.

B.

Bab (?), n. [Per.] Lit., gate; -- a title given to the founder of Babism, and taken from that of Bab- ud-Din, assumed by him.

{ Bab"ism (?), Bab"i*ism (?) }, n. The doctrine of a modern religious pantheistical sect in Persia, which was founded, about 1844, by Mirza Ali Mohammed ibn Rabhik (1820 -- 1850), who assumed the title of Bab- ed-Din (Per., Gate of the Faith). Babism is a mixture of Mohammedan, Christian, Jewish, and Parsi elements. This doctrine forbids concubinage and polygamy, and frees women from many of the degradations imposed upon them among the orthodox Mohammedans. Mendicancy, the use of intoxicating liquors and drugs, and slave dealing, are forbidden; asceticism is discountenanced. -- Bab"ist, n.

{ Ba*bul", Ba*bool" (?) }, n. [See Bablah.] (Bot.) Any one of several species of Acacia, esp. A. Arabica, which yelds a gum used as a substitute for true gum arabic.

In place of Putney's golden gorse
The sickly babul blooms.

Ba*cil"lar, a. (Biol.) Pertaining to, or produced by, the organism bacillus; bacillary.

Bac"il*la*ry, a. (Biol.) Of or pertaining to bacilli; produced by, or containing, bacilli; bacillar; as, a bacillary disease.

Back fire. (a) A fire started ahead of a forest or prairie fire to burn only against the wind, so that when the two fires meet both must go out for lack of fuel. (b) A premature explosion in the cylinder of a gas or oil engine during the exhaust or the compression stroke, tending to drive the piston in a direction reverse to that in which it should travel; also, an explosion in the exhaust passages of such ah engine.

Back"-fire`, v. i. 1. (Engin.) To have or experience a back fire or back fires; -- said of an internal-combustion engine.

2. Of a Bunsen or similar air-fed burner, to light so that the flame proceeds from the internal gas jet instead of from the external jet of mixed gas and air. -- Back"- fir`ing, n.

Back"heel` (?), n. (Wrestling) A method of tripping by getting the leg back of the opponent's heel on the outside and pulling forward while pushing his body back; a throw made in this way. -- v. t. To trip (a person) in this way.

Back"stop` (?), n. 1. In baseball, a fence, prop. at least 90 feet behind the home base, to stop the balls that pass the catcher; also, the catcher himself.

2. In rounders, the player who stands immediately behind the striking base.

3. In cricket, the longstop; also, the wicket keeper.

Ba*co"ni*an (?), n. 1. One who adheres to the philosophy of Lord Bacon.

2. One who maintains that Lord Bacon is the author of the works commonly attributed to Shakespeare.

Bac"te*rin (?), n. (Med.) A bacterial vaccine.

||Bac*te`ri*ol"y*sis (?), n. [NL.; fr. Gr. &?;, &?;, a staff + &?; a loosing.] 1. Chemical decomposition brought about by bacteria without the addition of oxygen.

2. The destruction or dissolution of bacterial cells. -- Bac*te`ri*o*lyt"ic (#), a.

Bac*te`ri*os"co*py (?), n. [Gr. &?;, &?;, a staff + &?; to view.] Microscopic examination or investigation of bacteria. -- Bac*te`ri*o*scop"ic (#), a. -- *scop"ic*al*ly (#), adv. -- Bac*te`ri*os"co*pist (#), n.

||Ba`daud" (?), n. [F.] A person given to idle observation of everything, with wonder or astonishment; a credulous or gossipy idler.

A host of stories . . . dealing chiefly with the subject of his great wealth, an ever delightful topic to the badauds of Paris.

Badg"er game. The method of blackmailing by decoying a person into a compromising situation and extorting money by threats of exposure. [Cant]

Badger State. Wisconsin; -- a nickname.

Ba*di"geon (b&adot;*d&ibreve;j"ŭn), n. [F.] A cement or distemper paste (as of plaster and powdered freestone, or of sawdust and glue or lime) used by sculptors, builders, and workers in wood or stone, to fill holes, cover defects, etc.

||Bæ"tu*lus (?), n.; pl. Bætuli (#). [L., fr. Gr. bai`tylos a sacred meteorite.] (Antiq.) A meteorite, or similar rude stone artificially shaped, held sacred or worshiped as of divine origin.

All the evidence goes to prove that these menhirs are bætuli, i. e., traditional and elementary images of the deity.

Baff (băf), v. t. & i. [Scot., prob. imitative; cf. G. baff, interj. imitating the sound of a shot.] To strike; to beat; to make a baff. [Scot. or Golf]

Baff, n. A blow; stroke; thud; specif. (Golf), a stroke in which the sole of the club hits the ground and drives the ball aloft. [Scot. or Golf]

Baf"fle, n. 1. (Engin.) (a) A deflector, as a plate or wall, so arranged across a furnace or boiler flue as to mingle the hot gases and deflect them against the substance to be heated. (b) A grating or plate across a channel or pipe conveying water, gas, or the like, by which the flow is rendered more uniform in different parts of the cross section of the stream; -- used in measuring the rate of flow, as by means of a weir.

2. (Coal Mining) A lever for operating the throttle valve of a winding engine. [Local, U. S.]

Baff"y (b&adot;f"&ybreve;), n. [See Baff, v. t.] (Golf) A short wooden club having a deeply concave face, seldom used.

{ ||Ba*ha"dur ||Ba*hau"dur } (?), n. [Written also bahawder.] [Hind. bahādur hero, champion.] A title of respect or honor given to European officers in East Indian state papers, and colloquially, and among the natives, to distinguished officials and other important personages.

Ba*hai" (b&adot;*hī"), n.; pl. Bahais (-hīz). A member of the sect of the Babis consisting of the adherents of Baha (Mirza Husain Ali, entitled "Baha 'u 'llah," or, "the Splendor of God"), the elder half brother of Mirza Yahya of Nur, who succeeded the Bab as the head of the Babists. Baha in 1863 declared himself the supreme prophet of the sect, and became its recognized head. There are upwards of 20,000 Bahais in the United States.

Ba*ha"ism (?), n. The religious tenets or practices of the Bahais.

||Bai`gnoire" (?), n. [Written also baignoir.] [F., lit., bath tub.] A box of the lowest tier in a theater. Du Maurier.

Bai"ly's beads (?). (Astron.) A row of bright spots observed in connection with total eclipses of the sun. Just before and after a total eclipse, the slender, unobscured crescent of the sun's disk appears momentarily like a row of bright spots resembling a string of beads. The phenomenon (first fully described by Francis Baily, 1774 -- 1844) is thought to be an effect of irradiation, and of inequalities of the moon's edge.

Bai*ram" (?), n. [Turk. baïrām.] Either of two Mohammedan festivals, of which one (the Lesser Bairam) is held at the close of the fast called Ramadan, and the other (the Greater Bairam) seventy days after the fast.

Bal"a*ta (?), n. [Sp., prob. fr. native name.] 1. A West Indian sapotaceous tree (Bumelia retusa).

2. The bully tree (Minusops globosa); also, its milky juice (balata gum), which when dried constitutes an elastic gum called chicle, or chicle gum.

||Ba`la`yeuse" (?), n. [F., lit., a female sweeper.] A protecting ruffle or frill, as of silk or lace, sewed close to the lower edge of a skirt on the inside.

Ball, n. (Baseball) A pitched ball, not struck at by the batsman, which fails to pass over the home base at a height not greater than the batsman's shoulder nor less than his knee.

Bal"lis*tite (?), n. [See Ballista.] (Chem.) A smokeless powder containing equal parts of soluble nitrocellulose and nitroglycerin.

Bal"lot*age (?), n. [F. ballottage.] In France, a second ballot taken after an indecisive first ballot to decide between two or several candidates.

Bal*op"ti*con (?), n. [Gr. &?; to throw + stereopticon.] See Projector, below.

||Bam*bi"no (?), n.; It. pl. -ni (#). [It.] A child or baby; specif., a representation in art of the infant Christ.

Ba*na"na so*lu"tion. A solution used as a vehicle in applying bronze pigments. In addition to acetote, benzine, and a little pyroxylin, it contains amyl acetate, which gives it the odor of bananas.

||Ban*cal" (?), n.; pl. - cales (#). [Sp., fr. banca, banco, bench. Cf. Bench.] An ornamental covering, as of carpet or leather, for a bench or form.

Ban*deau" (?), n.; pl. - deaux (#). [F.] A narrow band or fillet, as for the hair, part of a headdress, etc.

||Ban`de*ril"la (?), n. [Sp., dim. of bandera banner. See Banner, and cf. Banderole.] A barbed dart carrying a banderole which the banderillero thrusts into the neck or shoulder of the bull in a bullfight.

||Ban`de*ril*le"ro (?), n. [Sp.] One who thrusts in the banderillas in bullfighting. W. D. Howells.

Ban`jo*rine" (?), n. [From banjore banjo. See Banjo.] (Music.) A kind of banjo, with a short neck, tuned a fourth higher than the common banjo; -- popularly so called.

Bank, n. A group or series of objects arranged near together; as, a bank of electric lamps, etc.

Bank, n. (Aëronautics) The lateral inclination of an aëroplane as it rounds a curve; as, a bank of 45° is easy; a bank of 90° is dangerous.

Bank, v. i. (Aëronautics) To tilt sidewise in rounding a curve; -- said of a flying machine, an aërocurve, or the like.

Bank discount. A sum equal to the interest at a given rate on the principal (face) of a bill or note from the time of discounting until it becomes due.

Ban*quette" (?), n. A bench or seat for passengers on the top of a diligence or other public vehicle.

My brother-in-law . . . took refuge in the banquette.

{ Bans"shee, Ban"shie (?) }, n. [Gael. bean-shith fairy; Gael. & Ir. bean woman + Gael. sith fairy.] (Celtic Folklore) A supernatural being supposed to warn a family of the approaching death of one of its members, by wailing or singing in a mournful voice.

Ban"tu (?), n. A member of one of the great family of Negroid tribes occupying equatorial and southern Africa. These tribes include, as important divisions, the Kafirs, Damaras, Bechuanas, and many tribes whose names begin with Aba- , Ama-, Ba-, Ma-, Wa-, variants of the Bantu plural personal prefix Aba-, as in Ba-ntu, or Aba-ntu, itself a combination of this prefix with the syllable -ntu, a person. -- Ban"tu, a.

||Ban"zai" (?), interj. [Jap. banzai, banzei, ten thousand years, forever.] Lit., May you live ten thousand years; -- used in salutation of the emperor and as a battle cry. [Japan]

Ba*ra"ca (?), n. An international, interdenominational organization of Bible classes of young men; -- so named in allusion to the Hebrew word Berachah (Meaning blessing) occurring in 2 Chron. xx. 26 and 1 Chron. xii.

Bar"ad (?), n. [Gr. &?; weight.] (Physics) The pressure of one dyne per square centimeter; -- used as a unit of pressure.

{ Bar`æs*the`si*om"e*ter, Bar`es*the`si*om"e*ter (?) }, n. [Gr. &?; weight + æsthesiometer.] (Physiol.) An instrument for determining the delicacy of the sense of pressure. -- Bar`æs*the`si*o*met"ric, Bar`es*the`si*o*met"ric (#), a.

Bar`a*the"a (?), n. A soft fabric with a kind of basket weave and a diapered pattern.

Bar"ber, n. (Meteor.) A storm accompanied by driving ice spicules formed from sea water, esp. one occurring on the Gulf of St. Lawrence; -- so named from the cutting ice spicules. [Canada]

{ Bar`bi`zon", or Bar`bi`son", school (?) }. (Painting) A French school of the middle of the 19th century centering in the village of Barbizon near the forest of Fontainebleau. Its members went straight to nature in disregard of academic tradition, treating their subjects faithfully and with poetic feeling for color, light, and atmosphere. It is exemplified, esp. in landscapes, by Corot, Rousseau, Daubigny, Jules Dupré, and Diaz. Associated with them are certain painters of animals, as Troyon and Jaque, and of peasant life, as Millet and Jules Breton.

||Bar*di"glio (?), n. [It.] An Italian marble of which the principal varieties occur in the neighborhood of Carrara and in Corsica. It commonly shows a dark gray or bluish ground traversed by veins.

Barn"burn`er (?), n. [So called in allusion to the fable of the man who burned his barn in order to rid it of rats.] A member of the radical section of the Democratic party in New York, about the middle of the 19th century, which was hostile to extension of slavery, public debts, corporate privileges, etc., and supported Van Buren against Cass for president in 1848; -- opposed to Hunker. [Political Cant, U. S.]

Barn"storm`er (?), n. [Barn + storm, v.] An itinerant theatrical player who plays in barns when a theatre is lacking; hence, an inferior actor, or one who plays in the country away from the larger cities. -- Barn"storm`ing, n. [Theatrical Cant]

Bar`o*cy`clon*om"e*ter (?), n. [Gr. &?; weight + cyclone + -meter.] (Meteorol.) An aneroid barometer for use with accompanying graphic diagrams and printed directions designed to aid mariners to interpret the indications of the barometer so as to determine the existence of a violent storm at a distance of several hundred miles.

Bar"o*gram (?), n. [Gr. &?; weight + -gram.] (Meteor.) A tracing, usually made by the barograph, showing graphically the variations of atmospheric pressure for a given time.

||Ba*rong" (?), n. [Native name.] A kind of cutting weapon with a thick back and thin razorlike edge, used by the Moros of the Philippine Islands.

Ba*roque" (?), a. Irregular in form; -- said esp. of a pearl.

Bar`o*ther"mo*graph (?), n. [Gr. &?; weight + thermograph.] An instrument for recording both pressure and temperature, as of the atmosphere.

Bar`ra*cu"da (?), n. [Native name.] Any of several voracious pikelike marine fishes allied to the gray mullets, constituting the genus Sphyræna and family Sphyrænidæ. The great barracuda (S. barracuda) of the West Indies, Florida, etc., is often six feet or more long, and as dangerous as a shark. In Cuba its flesh is reputed to be poisonous. S. Argentea of the Pacific coast and S. sphyræna of Europe are smaller species, and are used as food.

Bar`ra*mun"di (?), n. [Written also barramunda.] [Native name.] (Zoöl.) (a) A remarkable Australian fresh-water ganoid fish of the genus Ceratodus. (b) An Australian river fish (Osteoglossum Leichhardtii).

Bar"rel proc"ess. (Metal.) A process of extracting gold or silver by treating the ore in a revolving barrel, or drum, with mercury, chlorine, cyanide solution, or other reagent.

Bar"ret*ter (?), n. [OF. bareter to exchange. Cf. Barter.] (Wireless Teleg.) A thermal cymoscope which operates by increased resistance when subjected to the influence of electric waves. The original form consisted of an extremely fine platinum wire loop attached to terminals and inclosed in a small glass or silver bulb. In a later variety, called the liquid barretter, wire is replace by a column of liquid in a very fine capillary tube.

||Bar"ri*o (?), n.; pl. Barrios (#). [Sp.] In Spain and countries colonized by Spain, a village, ward, or district outside a town or city to whose jurisdiction it belongs.

Bar"y*sphere (?), n. [Gr. &?; heavy + sphere.] (Geol.) The heavy interior portion of the earth, within the lithosphere.

Bash (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bashed; p. pr. & vb. n. Bashing.] [Perh. of imitative origin; or cf. Dan. baske to strike, bask a blow, Sw. basa to beat, bas a beating.] To strike heavily; to beat; to crush. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.] Hall Caine.

Bash her open with a rock.

Ba"sic proc"ess. (Iron Metal.) A Bessemer or open-hearth steel-making process in which a lining that is basic, or not siliceous, is used, and additions of basic material are made to the molten charge during treatment. Opposed to acid process, above. Called also Thomas process.

Basic slag. A by-product from the manufacture of steel by the basic process, used as a fertilizer. It is rich in lime and contains 14 to 20 per cent of phosphoric acid. Called also Thomas slag, phosphatic slag, and odorless phosphate.

Basic steel. Steel produced by the basic process.

||Ba*sid`i*o*my*ce"tes (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. NL. & E. basidium + Gr. &?;, &?;, fungus.] (Bot.) A large subdivision of fungi coördinate with the Ascomycetes, characterized by having the spores borne on a basidium. It embraces those fungi best known to the public, such as mushrooms, toadstools, etc.

Bas"ket ball`. A game, usually played indoors, in which two parties of players contest with each other to toss a large inflated ball into opposite goals resembling baskets.

Bas"set horn`. (Mus.) The corno di bassetto.

Ba*su"tos (?), n. pl.; sing. Basuto (&?;). (Ethnol.) A warlike South African people of the Bantu stock, divided into many tribes, subject to the English. They formerly practiced cannibalism, but have now adopted many European customs.

||Bat (?), n. [Siamese.] Same as Tical, n., 1.

Bat, v. t. & i. 1. To bate or flutter, as a hawk. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.]

2. To wink. [Local, U. S. & Prov Eng.]

Bat, n. 1. In badminton, tennis, and similar games, a racket.

2. A stroke; a sharp blow. [Colloq. or Slang]

3. A stroke of work. [Scot. & Prov. Eng.]

4. Rate of motion; speed. [Colloq.] "A vast host of fowl . . . making at full bat for the North Sea." Pall Mall Mag.

5. A spree; a jollification. [Slang, U. S.]

6. Manner; rate; condition; state of health. [Scot. & Prov. Eng.]

Bath`y*graph"ic (?), a. [Gr. &?; deep + graphic.] Descriptive of the ocean depth; as, a bathygraphic chart.

Bat*tal"ion (?), n. (Mil.) An infantry command of two or more companies, which is the tactical unit of the infantry, or the smallest command which is self- supporting upon the battlefield, and also the unit in which the strength of the infantry of an army is expressed.

&fist; In the United States army, since April 29, 1898, a battalion consists of four companies, and three battalions form a regiment. The term is also applied to two or more batteries of artillery combined into a single command.

Bat"tle range`. (Mil.) The range within which the fire of small arms is very destructive. With the magazine rifle, this is six hundred yards.

Battle ship. (Nav.) An armor-plated man-of-war built of steel and heavily armed, generally having from ten thousand to fifteen thousand tons displacement, and intended to be fit to meet the heaviest ships in line of battle.

Bau`mé" (?), a. Designating or conforming to either of the scales used by the French chemist Antoine Baumé in the graduation of his hydrometers; of or relating to Baumé's scales or hydrometers. There are two Baumé hydrometers. One, which is used with liquids heavier than water, sinks to 0° in pure water, and to 15° in a 15 per cent salt solution; the other, for liquids lighter than water, sinks to 0° in a 10 per cent salt solution and to 10° in pure water. In both cases the graduation, based on the distance between these fundamental points, is continued along the stem as far as desired. Since all the degrees on a Baumé scale are thus equal in length, while those on a specific-gravity scale grow smaller as the density increases, there is no simple relation between degrees Bé. and Sp. gr. However, readings on Baumés scale may be approximately reduced to specific gravities by the following formulæ (x in each case being the reading on Baumé's scale) : (a) for liquids heavier than water, sp. gr. = 144 ÷ (144 - x); (b) for liquids lighter than water, sp. gr. = 144 ÷ (134 + x).

||Ba`var`dage" (?), n. [F.] Much talking; prattle; chatter. Byron.

Ba*ya"mo (?), n. (Meteor.) A violent thunder squall occurring on the south coast of Cuba, esp. near Bayamo. The gusts, called bayamo winds, are modified foehn winds.

Ba`yeux" tap"es*try (?). A piece of linen about 1 ft. 8 in. wide by 213 ft. long, covered with embroidery representing the incidents of William the Conqueror's expedition to England, preserved in the town museum of Bayeux in Normandy. It is probably of the 11th century, and is attributed by tradition to Matilda, the Conqueror's wife.

Bay"man (?), n. (Nav.) In the United States navy, a sick-bay nurse; -- now officially designated as hospital apprentice.

Bay"ou State` (?). Mississippi; -- a nickname, from its numerous bayous.

Bay State. Massachusetts, which had been called the Colony of Massachusetts Bay; -- a nickname.

Beach comber. [Written also beach-comber.] (Naut.) A vagrant seaman, usually of low character, who loiters about seaports, particularly on the shores and islands of the Pacific Ocean.

I was fortunate enough, however, to forgather with a Scotchman who was a beach-comber.

Bear"ing ring`. In a balloon, the braced wooden ring attached to the suspension ropes at the bottom, functionally analogous to the keel of a ship.

Bear State. Arkansas; -- a nickname, from the many bears once inhabiting its forests.

Bear"-trap` dam. (Engin.) A kind of movable dam, in one form consisting of two leaves resting against each other at the top when raised and folding down one over the other when lowered, for deepening shallow parts in a river.

Beat, n. 1. One that beats, or surpasses, another or others; as, the beat of him. [Colloq.]

2. The act of one that beats a person or thing; as: (a) (Newspaper Cant) The act of obtaining and publishing a piece of news by a newspaper before its competitors; also, the news itself; a scoop.

It's a beat on the whole country.

(b) (Hunting) The act of scouring, or ranging over, a tract of land to rouse or drive out game; also, those so engaged, collectively. "Driven out in the course of a beat." Encyc. of Sport.

Bears coming out of holes in the rocks at the last moment, when the beat is close to them.

(c) (Fencing) A smart tap on the adversary's blade.

Beau"fort's scale` (?). (Meteor.) A scale of wind force devised by Sir F. Beaufort, R. N., in 1805, in which the force is indicated by numbers from 0 to 12.

&fist; The full scale is as follows: -- 0, calm; 1, light air; 2, light breeze; 3, gentle breeze; 4, moderate breeze; 5, fresh breeze; 6, strong breeze; 7, moderate gale; 8, fresh gale; 9, strong gale; 10, whole gale; 11, storm; 12, hurricane.

Beau`mon"ta*gue (?), n. A cement used in making joints, filling cracks, etc. For iron, the principal constituents are iron borings and sal ammoniac; for wood, white lead or litharge, whiting, and linseed oil.

Bea"ver State. Oregon; -- a nickname.

Be*bee"ru (?), n. [Written also bibiru.] [Native name.] (Bot.) A tropical South American tree (Nectandra Rodiœi), the bark of which yields the alkaloid bebeerine, and the wood of which is known as green heart.

||Be"bung (?), n. [G., lit., a trembling.] (Music) A tremolo effect, such as that produced on the piano by vibratory repetition of a note with sustained use of the pedal.

Bec"chi's test (?). [After E. Becchi, Italian chemist.] (Chem.) A qualitative test for cottonseed oil, based on the fact this oil imparts a maroon color to an alcoholic solution of silver nitrate.

Bech`u*a"nas (?), n. pl. A division of the Bantus, dwelling between the Orange and Zambezi rivers, supposed to be the most ancient Bantu population of South Africa. They are divided into totemic clans; they are intelligent and progressive.

Beck's scale (?). A hydrometer scale on which the zero point corresponds to sp. gr. 1.00, and the 30°-point to sp. gr. 0.85. From these points the scale is extended both ways, all the degrees being of equal length.

Becque`rel" rays" (?). (Physics) Radiations first observed by the French physicist Henri Becquerel, in working with uranium and its compounds. They consist of a mixture of alpha, beta, and gamma rays.

{ Be*cui"ba (?), n., Be*cui"ba nut` (?) }. [Native name.] (Bot.) The nut of the Brazilian tree Myristica Bicuhyba, which yields a medicinal balsam used for rheumatism.

Beg"ohm` (?), n. (Elec.) A unit of resistance equal to one billion ohms, or one thousand megohms.

||Be*ju"co (?), n. [Sp., a reed or woody vine.] Any climbing woody vine of the tropics with the habit of a liane; in the Philippines, esp. any of various species of Calamus, the cane or rattan palm.

Bel (?), n. [Hind., fr. Skr. bilva.] A thorny rutaceous tree (Ægle marmelos) of India, and its aromatic, orange-like fruit; -- called also Bengal quince, golden apple, wood apple. The fruit is used medicinally, and the rind yields a perfume and a yellow dye.

Bel"gi*an (?), a. Of or pertaining to Belgium.

Belgian block. A nearly cubical block of some tough stone, esp. granite, used as a material for street pavements. Its usual diameter is 5 to 7 inches.

Bel"lar*mine (?), n. A stoneware jug of a pattern originated in the neighborhood of Cologne, Germany, in the 16th century. It has a bearded face or mask supposed to represent Cardinal Bellarmine, a leader in the Roman Catholic Counter Reformation, following the Reformation; -- called also graybeard, longbeard.

Bel*leek" ware (?). A porcelainlike kind of decorative pottery with a high gloss, which is sometimes iridescent. A very fine kind is made at Belleek in Ireland.

Bell process. (Iron Metal.) The process of washing molten pig iron by adding iron oxide, proposed by I. Lowthian Bell of England about 1875.

Bell's palsy. Paralysis of the facial nerve, producing distortion of one side of the face.

Bell system of control. (Aëronautics) See Cloche.

Bench mark. (Leveling) Any permanent mark to which other levels may be referred. Specif. : A horizontal mark at the water's edge with reference to which the height of tides and floods may be measured.

Benefit society. A society or association formed for mutual insurance, as among tradesmen or in labor unions, to provide for relief in sickness, old age, and for the expenses of burial. Usually called friendly society in Great Britain.

||Ben"thos (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; depth of the sea.] The bottom of the sea, esp. of the deep oceans; hence (Bot. & Zoöl.), the fauna and flora of the sea bottom; -- opposed to plankton.

{ Ben`zo*naph"thol (?), n. Also Ben`zo*naph"tol }. [Benzoin + naphthol.] (Chem.) A white crystalline powder used as an intestinal antiseptic; beta-naphthol benzoate.

Ben"zo*sol (?), n. (Pharm.) Guaiacol benzoate, used as an intestinal antiseptic and as a substitute for creosote in phthisis. It is a colorless crystalline pewder.

||Ber`ceuse" (?), n. [F.] (Mus.) A vocal or instrumental composition of a soft tranquil character, having a lulling effect; a cradle song.

Ber`e*ni"ce's Hair` (?). [See Berenice's, Locks, in Dictionary of Noted Names in Fiction.] (Astron.) See Coma Berenices, under Coma.

||Berg"schrund` (?), n. [G., lit., mountain gap.] (Phys. Geog.) The crevasse or series of crevasses, usually deep and often broad, frequently occurring near the head of a mountain glacier, about where the névé field joins the valley portion of the glacier.

||Berg"stock` (?), n. [G., lit., mountain stick.] A long pole with a spike at the end, used in climbing mountains; an alpenstock.

Be"ring Sea Controversy (?). A controversy (1886 -- 93) between Great Britain and the United States as to the right of Canadians not licensed by the United States to carry on seal fishing in the Bering Sea, over which the United States claimed jurisdiction as a mare clausum. A court of arbitration, meeting in Paris in 1893, decided against the claim of the United States, but established regulations for the preservation of the fur seal.

Ber*mu"da lil"y. (Bot.) The large white lily (Lilium longiflorum eximium, syn. L. Harrisii) which is extensively cultivated in Bermuda.

Ber*seem" (?), n. [Ar. bershīm clover.] An Egyptian clover (Trifolium alexandrinum) extensively cultivated as a forage plant and soil- renewing crop in the alkaline soils of the Nile valley, and now introduced into the southwestern United States. It is more succulent than other clovers or than alfalfa. Called also Egyptian clover.

Ber`til`lon" sys"tem (?). [After Alphonse Bertillon, French anthropologist.] A system for the identification of persons by a physical description based upon anthropometric measurements, notes of markings, deformities, color, impression of thumb lines, etc.

Bes"ti*a*ry (?), n. [LL. bestiarium, fr. L. bestiarius pert. to beasts, fr. bestia beast: cf. F. bestiaire.] A treatise on beasts; esp., one of the moralizing or allegorical beast tales written in the Middle Ages.

A bestiary . . . in itself one of the numerous mediæval renderings of the fantastic mystical zoölogy.

Be"ta (?), n. [Gr. bh^ta.] The second letter of the Greek alphabet, B, β. See B, and cf. etymology of Alphabet. Beta (B, β) is used variously for classifying, as: (a) (Astron.) To designate some bright star, usually the second brightest, of a constellation, as, β Aurigæ. (b) (Chem.) To distinguish one of two or more isomers; also, to indicate the position of substituting atoms or groups in certain compounds; as, β-naphthol. With acids, it commonly indicates that the substituent is in union with the carbon atom next to that to which the carboxyl group is attached.

{ Be"ta*cism (?), ||Be`ta*cis"mus (?) }, n. Excessive or extended use of the b sound in speech, due to conversion of other sounds into it, as through inability to distinguish them from b, or because of difficulty in pronouncing them.

Be"ta rays (?). (Physics) Penetrating rays readily deflected by a magnetic or electric field, emitted by radioactive substances, as radium. They consist of negatively charged particles or electrons, apparently the same in kind as those of the cathode rays, but having much higher velocities (about 35,000 to 180,000 miles per second).

||Bez`po*pov"tsy (?), n. [Russ.; bez without + popovtsy, a derivative of pop priest.] A Russian sect. See Raskolnik.

{ Bhees"ty, Bhees"tie (?) }, n. [Written also bhistee, bhisti, etc.] [Per. bihishtī lit., heavenly.] A water carrier, as to a household or a regiment. [India]

{ Bhis"tee (?), Bhis"ti (?) }, n. Same as Bheesty. [India]

Bi*an"nu*al (?), a. [Pref. bi- + annual.] Occurring twice a year; half-yearly; semiannual.

||Bi`be*lot" (?), n. [F.] A small decorative object without practical utility.

Her pictures, her furniture, and her bibelots.

{ Bick"ford fuse or fuze, or Bickford match (?) }. A fuse used in blasting, consisting of a long cylinder of explosive material inclosed in a varnished wrapping of rope or hose. It burns from 2 to 4 feet a minute.

{ Bi*dar"kee (?), Bi*dar"ka (?) }, n. [Russ. baidarka, dim. Cf. Baidar.] A portable boat made of skins stretched on a frame. [Alaska] The Century.

Bie"la's com"et (?). (Astron.) A periodic coment, discovered by Biela in 1826, which revolves around the sun in 6.6 years. The November meteors (Andromedes or Bielids) move in its orbit, and may be fragments of the comet.

Bie"lid (?), n. (Astron.) See Andromede.

Bi*fo"cal (?), a. [Pref. bi-+ focal.] Having two foci, as some spectacle lenses.

Big Bend State. Tennessee; -- a nickname.

Bil"la*bong` (?), n. [Native name.] In Australia, a blind channel leading out from a river; -- sometimes called an anabranch. This is the sense of the word as used in the Public Works Department; but the term has also been locally applied to mere back-waters forming stagnant pools and to certain water channels arising from a source.

Bil"let, n. Quarters or place to which one is assigned, as by a billet or ticket; berth; position. Also used fig. [Colloq.]

The men who cling to easy billets ashore.

His shafts of satire fly straight to their billet, and there they rankle.

{ Bil"ly*cock (?), n., or Bil"ly*cock hat` (?) }. [Perh. from bully + cock; that is, cocked like the hats of the bullies.] A round, low-crowned felt hat; a wideawake. "The undignified billycocks and pantaloons of the West." B. H. Chamberlain.

Little acquiesced, and Ransome disguised him in a beard, and a loose set of clothes, and a billicock hat.

Bi"me*tal"lic, a. Composed of two different metals; formed of two parts, each of a different metal; as, bimetallic wire; bimetallic thermometer, etc.

Bi"mo*lec"u*lar (?), a. [Pref. bi- + molecular.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or formed from, two molecules; as, a bimolecular reaction (a reaction between two molecules).

||Bin*bash"i (?), n. [Turk., prop., chief of a thousand; bin thousand + bash head.] (Mil.) A major in the Turkish army.

Bind"ing post`. (Elec.) A metallic post attached to electrical apparatus for convenience in making connections.

Bind"ing screw`. A set screw used to bind parts together, esp. one for making a connection in an electrical circuit.

{ Bi`o*dy*nam"ic (?), Bi`o*dy*nam"ic*al (?) }, a.} (Biol.) Of or pertaining to biodynamics, or the doctrine of vital forces or energy.

Bi`o*dy*nam"ics (?), n. The branch of biology which treats of the active vital phenomena of organisms; -- opposed to biostatics.

Bi`o*ge*og"ra*phy (?), n. [Gr. bi`os life + E. geography.] The branch of biology which deals with the geographical distribution of animals and plants. It includes both zoögeography and phytogeography. - - Bi`o*ge`o*graph"ic (#), a. -- Bi`o*ge`o*graph"ic*al*ly (#), adv.

Bi"o*graph (?), n. [Gr. bi`os life + -graph.] 1. An animated picture machine for screen projection; a cinematograph.

2. [Cf. Biography.] A biographical sketch. [Rare]

Bi`o*pho"to*phone (?), n. [Gr. bi`os life + photo + fwnh` sound, voice.] An instrument combining a cinematograph and a phonograph so that the moving figures on the screen are accompanied by the appropriate sounds.

Bi`o*plas"tic (?), a. (Biol.) Bioplasmic.

{ Bi`o*psy"chic (?), Bi`o*psy"chic*al (?) }, a.} [Gr. bi`os life + psychic, -cal.] Pertaining to psychical phenomena in their relation to the living organism or to the general phenomena of life.

Bi"o*scope (?), n. [Gr. bi`os life + -scope.] 1. A view of life; that which gives such a view.

Bagman's Bioscope: Various Views of Men and Manners. [Book Title.]

2. An animated picture machine for screen projection; a cinematograph (which see).

Bi"plane (?), n. [Pref. bi- + plane.] (Aëronautics) An aëroplane with two main supporting surfaces one above the other.

Bi"plane, a. (Aëronautics) Having, or consisting of, two superposed planes, aërocurves, or the like; of or pertaining to a biplane; as, a biplane rudder.

Bi"prism (?), n. [Pref. bi- + prism.] 1. A prism whose refracting angle is very nearly 180 degrees.

2. A combination of two short rectangular glass prisms cemented together at their diagonal faces so as to form a cube; -- called also optical cube. It is used in one form of photometer.

Bird"man (?), n. An aviator; airman. [Colloq.]

Bird"wom`an (?), n. An airwoman; an aviatress. [Colloq.]

{ Bis"ka*ra boil`, Bis"ka*ra but"ton }. [Named after the town Biskara, in Algeria.] (Med.) Same as Aleppo boil.

Bis"sell truck (?). A truck for railroad rolling stock, consisting of two ordinary axle boxes sliding in guides attached to a triangular frame; -- called also pony truck.

Bit, n. In the British West Indies, a fourpenny piece, or groat.

{ Bi"to (?), n., Bi"to tree` }. [Etym. uncertain.] (Bot.) A small scrubby tree (Balanites Ægyptiaca) growing in dry regions of tropical Africa and Asia.

&fist; The hard yellowish white wood is made into plows in Abyssinia; the bark is used in Farther India to stupefy fish; the ripe fruit is edible, when green it is an anthelmintic; the fermented juice is used as a beverage; the seeds yield a medicinal oil called zachun. The African name of the tree is hajilij.

Bi*tu"men proc"ess. (Photog.) Any process in which advantage is taken of the fact that prepared bitumen is rendered insoluble by exposure to light, as in photolithography.

Black"bird, n. 1. Among slavers and pirates, a negro or Polynesian. [Cant]

2. A native of any of the islands near Queensland; -- called also Kanaka. [Australia]

Black"bird*er (?), n. A slave ship; a slaver. [Colloq.] F. T. Bullen.

Black"bird*ing, n. 1. The kidnaping of negroes or Polynesians to be sold as slaves.

2. The act or practice of collecting natives of the islands near Queensland for service on the Queensland sugar plantations. [Australia]

Black"-eyed` Su"san. (Bot.) (a) The coneflower, or yellow daisy (Rudbeckia hirta). (b) The bladder ketmie.

Black Flags. An organization composed originally of Chinese rebels that had been driven into Tonkin by the suppression of the Taiping rebellion, but later increased by bands of pirates and adventurers. It took a prominent part in fighting the French during their hostilities with Anam, 1873-85.

Black Friday. Any Friday on which a public disaster has occurred, as: In England, December 6, 1745, when the news of the landing of the Pretender reached London, or May 11, 1866, when a financial panic commenced. In the United States, September 24, 1869, and September 18, 1873, on which financial panics began.

Black Ham"burg (?). A sweet and juicy variety of European grape, of a dark purplish black color, much grown under glass in northern latitudes.

Black Hand. [A trans. of Sp. mano negra.] 1. A Spanish anarchistic society, many of the members of which were imprisoned in 1883.

2. A lawless or blackmailing secret society, esp. among Italians. [U. S.]

Black Spanish. One of an old and well-known Mediterranean breed of domestic fowls with glossy black plumage, blue legs and feet, bright red comb and wattles, and white face. They are remarkable as egg layers.

Black"wa`ter State. Nebraska; -- a nickname alluding to the dark color of the water of its rivers, due to the presence of a black vegetable mold in the soil.

Blade, n. The flat part of the tongue immediately behind the tip, or point.

"Lower blade" implies, of course, the lower instead of the upper surface of the tongue.

||Blanc (?), n. [F., white.] 1. A white cosmetic.

2. A white sauce of fat, broth, and vegetables, used esp. for braised meat.

Blan"chard lathe (?). [After Thomas Blanchard, American inventor.] (Mach.) A kind of wood-turning lathe for making noncircular and irregular forms, as felloes, gun stocks, lasts, spokes, etc., after a given pattern. The pattern and work rotate on parallel spindles in the same direction with the same speed, and the work is shaped by a rapidly rotating cutter whose position is varied by the pattern acting as a cam upon a follower wheel traversing slowly along the pattern.

Blan"ket clause`. (Law) A clause, as in a blanket mortgage or policy, that includes a group or class of things, rather than a number mentioned individually and having the burden, loss, or the like, apportioned among them.

{ Blanket mortgage or policy }. One that covers a group or class of things or properties instead of one or more things mentioned individually, as where a mortgage secures various debts as a group, or subjects a group or class of different pieces of property to one general lien.

Blanket stitch. A buttonhole stitch worked wide apart on the edge of material, as blankets, too thick to hem.

Blast lamp. A lamp provided with some arrangement for intensifying combustion by means of a blast.

Blath"er (blă&thlig;"&etilde;r), v. i. & t. [imp. & p. p. Blathered (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Blathering.] [Written also blether.] [Icel. blaðra. Cf. Blatherskite.] To talk foolishly, or nonsensically. G. Eliot.

Blath"er, n. [Written also blether.] Voluble, foolish, or nonsensical talk; -- often in the pl. Hall Caine.

Blaz"er (?), n. 1. Anything that blazes or glows, as with heat or flame.

2. A light jacket, usually of wool or silk and of a bright color, for wear at tennis, cricket, or other sport.

3. The dish used when cooking directly over the flame of a chafing-dish lamp, or the coals of a brasier.

||Bleph`a*ri"tis (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; eyelid + -ilis.] (Med.) Inflammation of the eyelids. -- Bleph`a*rit"ic (#), a.

Blet (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Bletted (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Bletting.] To decay internally when overripe; -- said of fruit.

Blind reader. A post-office clerk whose duty is to decipher obscure addresses.

Block, n. 1. In Australia, one of the large lots into which public land, when opened to settlers, is divided by the government surveyors.

2. (Cricket) (a) The position of a player or bat when guarding the wicket. (b) A block hole. (c) The popping crease. [R.]

Back blocks, Australian pastoral country which is remote from the seacoast or from a river.

Block chain. (Mach.) A chain in which the alternate links are broad blocks connected by thin side links pivoted to the ends of the blocks, used with sprocket wheels to transmit power, as in a bicycle.

Block signal. (Railroads) One of the danger signals or safety signals which guide the movement of trains in a block system. The signal is often so coupled with a switch that act of opening or closing the switch operates the signal also.

Block system. (Railroads) A system by which the track is divided into short sections, as of three or four miles, and trains are so run by the guidance of electric, or combined electric and pneumatic, signals that no train enters a section or block until the preceding train has left it, as in absolute blocking, or that a train may be allowed to follow another into a block as long as it proceeds with excessive caution, as in permissive blocking.

Blol"ly (?), n. (Bot.) (a) A shrub or small tree of southern Florida and the West Indies (Pisonia obtusata) with smooth oval leaves and a hard, 10-ribbed fruit. (b) The rubiaceous shrub Chicocca racemosa, of the same region.

Blue-grass State. The Sate of Kentucky; -- a nickname alluding to the blue-grass region, where fine horses are bred.

Blue Hen State. The State of Delaware; -- a popular sobriquet. It is said, though the story lacks proof, to have taken its origin from the insistence of a Delaware Revolutionary captain, named Caldwell, that no cock could be truly game unless the mother was a blue hen, whence Blue Hen's Chickens came to be a nickname for the people of Delaware.

Blue"nose` (?), n. A Nova Scotian; also, a Nova Scotian ship (called also Blue"nos`er (&?;)); a Nova Scotian potato, etc.

Blue"-sky"law`. A law enacted to provide for the regulation and supervision of investment companies in order to protect the public against companies that do not intend to do a fair and honest business and that offer investments that do not promise a fair return; -- so called because the promises made by some investment companies are as boundless or alluring as the blue sky, or, perhaps, because designed to clear away the clouds and fogs from the simple investor's horizon. [Colloq.]

Blue"y (?), n. [From Blue, a.] [Australasia] 1. A bushman's blanket; -- named from its color.

We had to wring our blueys.

2. A bushman's bundle; a swag; -- so called because a blanket is sometimes used as the outside covering.

Bod veal. Veal too immature to be suitable for food.

{ Bo"dhi*sat (?), ||Bo`dhi*satt"va, ||Bo`dhi*satt"wa (?) }, n. [Skr. bōdhisattva (perh. through Pali bōdhisattō); fr. bōdhi knowledge, enlightenment + sattva being, essence.] (Buddhism) One who has reached the highest degree of saintship, so that in his next incarnation he will be a Buddha, or savior of the world. -- Bo"dhi*sat`ship, n.

Bod"y, n. (Aëronautics) The central, longitudinal framework of a flying machine, to which are attached the planes or aërocurves, passenger accommodations, controlling and propelling apparatus, fuel tanks, etc.

Bo"gey (?), n.; pl. Bogeys (#). [Also bogie.] 1. A goblin; a bugbear.

I have become a sort of bogey -- a kill- joy.

2. (Golf) A given score or number of strokes, for each hole, against which players compete; -- said to be so called because assumed to be the score of an imaginary first-rate player called Colonel Bogey.

Bo"gie en"gine. (Railroads) A switching engine the running gear and driving gear of which are on a bogie, or truck.

Boil"er, n. A sunken reef; esp., a coral reef on which the sea breaks heavily.

||Bo*le"ro (?), n. A kind of small outer jacket, with or without sleeves, worn by women.

||Bo"lo (?), n. [Sp.] A kind of large knife resembling a machete. [Phil. Islands]

||Bol"sa (?), n. [Sp., lit., purse. See Bourse.] An exchange for the transaction of business. [Sp. Amer. & Phil. Islands]

||Bo`na*ci" (?), n. [Amer. Sp. bonasí, prob. from native name.] (Zoöl.) (a) A large grouper (Mycteroperca bonaci) of Florida and the West Indies, valuable as a food fish; -- called also aguaji and, in Florida, black grouper. (b) Also, any one of several other similar fishes.

||Bo"na fi"des (bō"n&adot; fī"dēz). [L.] Good faith; honesty; freedom from fraud or deception.

||Bon`bon`nière" (?), n.; pl. -nières (#). [F.] A small fancy box or dish for bonbons.

Bond, n. 1. (Elec.) A heavy copper wire or rod connecting adjacent rails of an electric railway track when used as a part of the electric circuit.

2. League; association; confederacy. [South Africa]

The Africander Bond, a league or association appealing to African, but practically to Boer, patriotism.

Bon"go (b&obreve;&nsm;"gō), n. Either of two large antelopes (Boöcercus eurycercus of West Africa, and B. isaaci of East Africa) of a reddish or chestnut-brown color with narrow white stripes on the body. Their flesh is especially esteemed as food.

Bon"naz (?), n. A kind of embroidery made with a complicated sewing machine, said to have been originally invented by a Frenchman of the name of Bonnaz. The work is done either in freehand or by following a perforated design.

Bon"net, n. (Automobiles) The metal cover or shield over the motor.

||Bon`net" rouge" (?). [F.] The red cap adopted by the extremists in the French Revolution, which became a sign of patriotism at that epoch; hence, a revolutionist; a Red Republican.

Boost"er (?), n. (Elec.) An instrument for regulating the electro-motive force in an alternating- current circuit; -- so called because used to "boost", or raise, the pressure in the circuit.

Bor*deaux" mix"ture. (Hort.) A fungicidal mixture composed of blue vitriol, lime, and water. The formula in common use is: blue vitriol, 6 lbs.; lime, 4 lbs.; water, 35 -- 50 gallons.

||Bor`de*reau" (?), n.; pl. Bordereaux (#). [F.] A note or memorandum, esp. one containing an enumeration of documents.

Bo"re*al, a. (Biogeography) Designating or pertaining to a terrestrial division consisting of the northern and mountainous parts of both the Old and the New World; -- equivalent to the Holarctic region exclusive of the Transition, Sonoran, and corresponding areas. The term is used by American authors and applied by them chiefly to the Nearctic subregion. The Boreal region includes approximately all of North and Central America in which the mean temperature of the hottest season does not exceed 18° C. (= 64.4° F.). Its subdivisions are the Arctic zone and Boreal zone, the latter including the area between the Arctic and Transition zones.

||Bos"tryx (?), n. [NL.; irreg. fr. Gr. &?; a curl.] (Bot.) A form of cymose inflorescence with all the flowers on one side of the rachis, usually causing it to curl; -- called also a uniparous helicoid cyme.

Bos*well"i*an (?), a. Relating to, or characteristic of, Dr. Johnson's biographer, James Boswell, whose hero worship made his narrative a faithful but often uncritical record of details. -- Bos"well*ize (#), v. i. & t. -- Bos"weel*ism (#). n.

Bot"tle-neck` frame". (Automobiles) An inswept frame. [Colloq.]

Bot"tom fer`men*ta"tion. A slow alcoholic fermentation during which the yeast cells collect at the bottom of the fermenting liquid. It takes place at a temperature of 4° - 10° C. (39° - 50°F.). It is used in making lager beer and wines of low alcohol content but fine bouquet.

Bou"cher*ize (?), v. t. [After Dr. Auguste Boucherie, a French chemist, who invented the process.] To impregnate with a preservative solution of copper sulphate, as timber, railroad ties, etc.

||Bou*gie" dé`ci`male" (?). [F., lit., decimal candle.] A photometric standard used in France, having the value of one twentieth of the Violle platinum standard, or slightly less than a British standard candle. Called also decimal candle.

Bou*lan"gism (?), n. [F. boulangisme.] The spirit or principles of a French political movement identified with Gen. Georges Boulanger (d. 1891), whose militarism and advocacy of revenge on Germany attracted to him a miscellaneous party of monarchists and Republican malcontents. - - Bou*lan"gist (#), n.

Bou"le (?), n. [Gr. &?;.] 1. (Gr. Antiq.) A legislative council of elders or chiefs; a senate. The boule of Homeric times was an aristocratic body of princes and leaders, merely advisory to the king. The Athenian boule of Solon's time was an elective senate of 400, acting as a check on the popular ecclesia, for which it examined and prepared bills for discussion. It later increased to 500, chosen by lot, and extended its functions to embrace certain matters of administration and oversight.

2. Legislature of modern Greece. See Legislature.

||Boule`var`dier" (?), n. [F.] A frequenter of a city boulevard, esp. in Paris. F. Harrison.

Bowd"ler*ize (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bowdlerized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Bowdlerizing (?).] [After Dr. Thomas Bowdler, an English physician, who published an expurgated edition of Shakespeare in 1818.] To expurgate, as a book, by omitting or modifying the parts considered offensive.

It is a grave defect in the splendid tale of Tom Jones . . . that a Bowlderized version of it would be hardly intelligible as a tale.

-- Bowd`ler*i*za"tion (#), n. -- Bowd"ler*ism (#), n.

Bow"er-Barff" proc`ess . (Metal.) A certain process for producing upon articles of iron or steel an adherent coating of the magnetic oxide of iron (which is not liable to corrosion by air, moisture, or ordinary acids). This is accomplished by producing, by oxidation at about 1600° F. in a closed space, a coating containing more or less of the ferric oxide (Fe₂O₃) and the subsequent change of this in a reduced atmosphere to the magnetic oxide (Fe₂O₄).

Bowl"er (?), n. [From 2d Bowl.] A derby hat. [Eng.]

Box"er, n. A member of a powerful Chinese organization which committed numerous outrages on Europeans and Christian converts in the uprising against foreigners in 1900. Various names, as "League of United Patriots" and "Great Knife [or Sword] Society," have been given as the Chinese name of the organization; why the members were called Boxers is uncertain.

Box"ing day`. The first week day after Christmas, a legal holiday on which Christmas boxes are given to postmen, errand boys, employees, etc. The night of this day is boxing night. [Eng.]

Box kite. A kite, invented by Lawrence Hargrave, of Sydney, Australia, which consist of two light rectangular boxes, or cells open on two sides, and fastened together horizontally. Called also Hargrave, or cellular, kite.

Box tail. (Aëronautics) In a flying machine, a tail or rudder, usually fixed, resembling a box kite.

Boy, n. In various countries, a male servant, laborer, or slave of a native or inferior race; also, any man of such a race.

He reverted again and again to the labor difficulty, and spoke of importing boys from Capetown.

Boy scout. Orig., a member of the "Boy Scouts," an organization of boys founded in 1908, by Sir R. S. S. Baden-Powell, to promote good citizenship by creating in them a spirit of civic duty and of usefulness to others, by stimulating their interest in wholesome mental, moral, industrial, and physical activities, etc. Hence, a member of any of the other similar organizations, which are now worldwide. In "The Boy Scouts of America" the local councils are generally under a scout commissioner, under whose supervision are scout masters, each in charge of a troop of two or more patrols of eight scouts each, who are of three classes, tenderfoot, second-class scout, and first-class scout.

Brack"et, n. (Gunnery) A figure determined by firing a projectile beyond a target and another short of it, as a basis for ascertaining the proper elevation of the piece; -- only used in the phrase, to establish a bracket. After the bracket is established shots are fired with intermediate elevations until the exact range is obtained. In the United States navy it is called fork.

Brack"et, v. t. (Gunnery) To shoot so as to establish a bracket for (an object).

||Braille (?), n. A system of printing or writing for the blind in which the characters are represented by tangible points or dots. It was invented by Louis Braille, a French teacher of the blind.

Bran"den*burg (?), n. [So named after Brandenburg, a province and a town of Prussia.] A kind of decoration for the breast of a coat, sometimes only a frog with a loop, but in some military uniforms enlarged into a broad horizontal stripe.

He wore a coat . . . trimmed with Brandenburgs.

Brash"y (?), a. 1. Resembling, or of the nature of, brash, or broken fragments; broken; crumbly.

Our progress was not at all impeded by the few soft, brashy floes that we encountered.

2. Showery; characterized by brashes, or showers.

Bras"i*lin (?), n. [Cf. F. brésiline. See 2d Brazil.] (Chem.) A substance, C₁₆H₁₄O₅, extracted from brazilwood as a yellow crystalline powder which is white when pure. It is colored intensely red by alkalies on exposure to the air, being oxidized to bra*sil"e*in (&?;), C₁₆H₁₂O₅, to which brazilwood owes its dyeing properties.

Brasque (?), n. [F.] (Metal.) A paste made by mixing powdered charcoal, coal, or coke with clay, molasses, tar, or other suitable substance. It is used for lining hearths, crucibles, etc. Called also steep.

Bras`sière" (?), n. [F.] A form of woman's underwaist stiffened with whalebones, or the like, and worn to support the breasts.

Brass"y (?), n. [Written also brassie and brassey.] (Golf) A wooden club soled with brass.

Braw (?), a. [See Brave, a.] [Scot. & Prov. Eng.] 1. Well-dressed; handsome; smart; brave; -- used of persons or their clothing, etc.; as, a braw lad. "A braw new gown." Burns.

2. Good; fine. "A braw night." Sir W. Scott.

Break"a*way` (?), n. [Break + away] [Australasia] 1. A wild rush of sheep, cattle, horses, or camels (especially at the smell or the sight of water); a stampede.

2. An animal that breaks away from a herd.

Breech action. The breech mechanism in breech-loading small arms and certain special guns, as automatic and machine guns; -- used frequently in referring to the method by which the movable barrels of breech-loading shotguns are locked, unlocked, or rotated to loading position.

||Bre*lan" (?), n. [F.] (Card Playing) (a) A French gambling game somewhat like poker. (b) In French games, a pair royal, or triplet.

||Bre*lan" car`re" (?). [F. carré square.] (Card Playing) In French games, a double pair royal.

||Bre*lan" fa`vo`ri" (?). [F. favori favorite.] (Card Playing) In French games, a pair royal composed of 2 cards in the hand and the card turned.

Bre*loque" (?), n. [F.] A seal or charm for a watch chain. "His chains and breloques." Thackeray.

Brick"field`er (?), n. [Australia] 1. Orig., at Sydney, a cold and violent south or southwest wind, rising suddenly, and regularly preceded by a hot wind from the north; -- now usually called southerly buster. It blew across the Brickfields, formerly so called, a district of Sydney, and carried clouds of dust into the city.

2. By confusion, a midsummer hot wind from the north.

||Bri*cole" (?), n. 1. An ancient kind of military catapult.

2. In court tennis, the rebound of a ball from a wall of the court; also, the side stroke or play by which the ball is driven against the wall; hence, fig., indirect action or stroke.

3. (Billiards) A shot in which the cue ball is driven first against the cushion.

Bridge, n. A card game resembling whist. The trump, if any, is determined by the dealer or his partner, the value of each trick taken over six being: for "no trumps" 12, hearts 8, diamonds 6, clubs 4, spades 2. The opponents of the dealer can, after the trump is declared, double the value of the tricks, in which case the dealer or his partner can redouble, and so on. The dealer plays his partner's hand as a dummy. The side which first reaches or exceeds 30 points scored for tricks wins a game; the side which first wins two games wins a rubber. The total score for any side is the sum of the points scored for tricks, for rubbers (each of which counts 100), for honors (which follow a special schedule of value), and for slam, little slam, and chicane.

Brie" cheese" (?). A kind of soft French cream cheese; -- so called from the district in France where it is made; -- called also fromage de Brie.

Brig (?), n. [Origin unknown.] (Nav.) On a United States man-of-war, the prison or place of confinement for offenders.

Bril"lian*tine (?), n. [F. brillantine. See lst Brilliant.] 1. An oily composition used to make the hair glossy.

2. A dress fabric having a glossy finish on both sides, resembling alpaca but of superior quality.

||Bri`oche" (?), n. [F.] 1. A light cake made with flour, butter, yeast, and eggs.

2. A knitted foot cushion.

Bri`o*lette" (?), n. [F.] An oval or pearshaped diamond having its entire surface cut in triangular facets.

Bri*quette" (?), n. [Also briquet.] [F., dim. of brique brick.] 1. A block of compacted coal dust, or peat, etc., for fuel.

2. A block of artificial stone in the form of a brick, used for paving; also, a molded sample of solidified cement or mortar for use as a test piece for showing the strength of the material.

||Bro`ché" (br&osl;`shā"), a. Stitched; -- said of a book with no cover or only a paper one.

||Bro`chette" (br&osl;`sh&ebreve;t"), n. [F., dim. of broche. See Broach, n.] (Cookery) A small spit or skewer.

-- En bro`chette" (än) [F.], on a brochette; skewered.

{ Brock"en spec"ter or spec"tre (?) }. [Trans. of G. Brockengespenst.] A mountain specter (which see), esp. that observed on the Brocken, in the Harz Mountains.

Bro"ken breast`. Abscess of the mammary gland.

Bro"ma*lin (?), n. [From Bromine.] (Pharm.) A colorless or white crystalline compound, (CH₂)₆N₄C₂H₅Br, used as a sedative in epilepsy.

Brom`an"il (?), n. [Bromine + aniline.] (Chem.) A substance analogous to chloranil but containing bromine in place of chlorine.

Bro"mide, n. A person who is conventional and commonplace in his habits of thought and conversation. [Slang] -- Bro*mid"ic (#), a. [Slang]

The bromide conforms to everythyng sanctioned by the majority, and may be depended upon to be trite, banal, and arbitrary.

{ Bromide, or Bromid, paper}. (Photog.) A sensitized paper coated with gelatin impregnated with bromide of silver, used in contact printing and in enlarging.

Bro*mid"i*om (?), n. [Bromide + idiom.] A conventional comment or saying, such as those characteristic of bromides. [Slang]

Bro`mo*gel"a*tin (?), a. [Bromine + gelatin.] (Photog.) Designating or pertaining to, a process of preparing dry plates with an emulsion of bromides and silver nitrate in gelatin.

Bro`mo*i"o*dism (?), n. [Bromine + iodine + -ism.] (Med.) Poisoning induced by large doses of bromine and iodine or of their compounds.

Bro`mo*i"o*dized (?), a. (Photog.) Treated with bromides and iodides.

Bro"mol (?), n. [Abbr. fr. tribromophenol.] (Pharm.) A crystalline substance (chemically, tribromophenol, C₆H₂Br₃OH), used as an antiseptic and disinfectant.

Bron"to*graph (?), n. [Gr. &?; thunder + -graph.] (Meteor.) (a) A tracing or chart showing the phenomena attendant on thunderstorms. (b) An instrument for making such tracings, as a recording brontometer.

Bron*tom"e*ter (?), n. [Gr. &?; thunder + -meter.] (Meteor.) An instrument for noting or recording phenomena attendant on thunderstorms.

Bronze steel. A hard tough alloy of tin, copper, and iron, which can be used for guns.

Brown race. The Malay or Polynesian race; -- loosely so called.

Brush, n. In Australia, a dense growth of vegetation in good soil, including shrubs and trees, mostly small.

Buc"can (?), n. [F. boucan. See Buccaneer.] 1. A wooden frame or grid for roasting, smoking, or drying meat over fire.

2. A place where meat is smoked.

3. Buccaned meat.

Buc"can, v. t. [F. boucaner. See Buccaneer.] To expose (meat) in strips to fire and smoke upon a buccan.

Bu*ceph"a*lus (?), n. [L., fr. Gr. &?;, lit., ox-headed; &?; ox + &?; head.] 1. The celebrated war horse of Alexander the Great.

2. Hence, any riding horse. [Jocose] Sir W. Scott.

Buck"et (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bucketed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Bucketing.] 1. To draw or lift in, or as if in, buckets; as, to bucket water.

2. To pour over from a bucket; to drench.

3. To ride (a horse) hard or mercilessly.

4. (Rowing) To make, or cause to make (the recovery), with a certain hurried or unskillful forward swing of the body. [Eng.]

Buck fever. Intense excitement at the sight of deer or other game, such as often unnerves a novice in hunting. [Colloq.]

Bulb"il (?), n. [Dim. fr. bulb.] 1. (Bot.) A small or secondary bulb; hence, now almost exclusively: An aërial bulb or deciduous bud, produced in the leaf axils, as in the tiger lily, or relpacing the flowers, as in some onions, and capable, when separated, of propagating the plant; -- called also bulblet and brood bud.

2. (Anat.) A small hollow bulb, such as an enlargement in a small vessel or tube.

Bul"ger (?), n. [From Bulge.] (Golf) A driver or a brassy with a convex face.

Bull Moose. (U. S. Politics) (a) A follower of Theodore Roosevelt in the presidential campaign of 1912; - - a sense said to have originated from a remark made by Roosevelt on a certain occasion that he felt "like a bull moose." [Cant] (b) The figure of a bull moose used as the party symbol of the Progressive party in the presidential campaign of 1912. -- Bull Mooser. [Cant]

Bull"-roar`er (?), n. A contrivance consisting of a slat of wood tied to the end of a thong or string, with which the slat is whirled so as to cause an intermittent roaring noise. It is used as a toy, and among some races in certain religious rites.

{ Bul"ly (?), n., Bul"ly beef` (?) }. [F. bouilli boiled meat, fr. bouillir to boil. See Boil, v. The word bouilli was formerly commonly used on the labels of canned beef.] Pickled or canned beef.

||Bul"tong (?), n. Biltong.

Bum"ble*pup`py (?), n. [Origin unknown; cf. Bumble, n.] 1. The old game of nineholes.

2. (Card Playing) Whist played in an unscientific way.

||Bun"des*rath` (?), n. [G.; bund confederacy + rath council.] Lit., a federal council, esp. of the German Empire. See Legislature.

||Bun"des-Ver*samm"lung (?), n. [G.; bund confederacy + versammlung assembly.] See Legislature, Switzerland.

||Bun"do*bust (?), n. [Hind. & Per. bando-bast tying and binding.] System; discipline. [India]

He has more bundobust than most men.

Bun"ker (?), n. 1. A small sand hole or pit, as on a golf course. [Scot.] Sir W. Scott.

2. (Golf) Hence, any rough hazardous ground on the links; also, an artificial hazard with built-up faces.

Bun"ker, v. t. (Golf) To drive (the ball) into a bunker.

Bun"ko (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bunkoed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Bunkoing.] To swindle by a bunko game or scheme; to cheat or victimize in any similar way, as by a confidence game, passing a bad check, etc.

Bun"sen cell (?). (Elec.) A zinc-carbon cell in which the zinc (amalgamated) is surrounded by dilute sulphuric acid, and the carbon by nitric acid or a chromic acid mixture, the two plates being separated by a porous cup.

Bunt, n. A push or shove; a butt; specif. (Baseball), the act of bunting the ball.

Bunt, v. t. & i. (Baseball) To bat or tap (the ball) slowly within the infield by meeting it with the bat without swinging at it.

||Bur"schen*schaft` (?), n.; pl. -schaften (#). [G.] In Germany, any of various associations of university students formed (the original one at Jena in 1815) to support liberal ideas, or the organization formed by the affiliation of the local bodies. The organization was suppressed by the government in 1819, but was secretly revived, and is now openly maintained as a social organization, the restrictive laws having been repealed prior to 1849. -- Bur"schen*schaft`ler (#), -schaf`ter (#), n.

Bush"el (?), v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Busheled (?), p. pr. & vb. n. Busheling.] [Cf. G. bosseln.] (Tailoring) To mend or repair, as men's garments; to repair garments. [U. S.]

||Bu"shi`do` (b&oomac;"shē`dō`), n. [Jap. bu military + shi knight + dō way, doctrine, principle.] The unwritten code of moral principles regulating the actions of the Japanese knighthood, or Samurai; the chivalry of Japan.

Unformulated, Bushido was and still is the animating spirit, the motor force of our country.

Busk (bŭsk), n. Among the Creek Indians, a feast of first fruits celebrated when the corn is ripe enough to be eaten. The feast usually continues four days. On the first day the new fire is lighted, by friction of wood, and distributed to the various households, an offering of green corn, including an ear brought from each of the four quarters or directions, is consumed, and medicine is brewed from snakeroot. On the second and third days the men physic with the medicine, the women bathe, the two sexes are taboo to one another, and all fast. On the fourth day there are feasting, dancing, and games.

Bu`tyl*am"ine (?), n. [Butyric + -yl + amine.] (Org. Chem.) A colorless liquid base, C₄H₉NH₂, of which there are four isomeric varieties.

Bu"ty*ryl (?), n. [Butyric + -yl.] (Chem.) The radical (C₄H₇O) of butyric acid.

Bye, n. 1. In various sports in which the contestants are drawn in pairs, the position or turn of one left with no opponent in consequence of an odd number being engaged; as, to draw a bye in a round of a tennis tournament.

2. (Golf) The hole or holes of a stipulated course remaining unplayed at the end of a match.

C.

||Caa*tin"ga (?), n. [Tupi caa- tinga white forest.] (Phytogeography) A forest composed of stunted trees and thorny bushes, found in areas of small rainfall in Brazil.

||Ca`bal*le*ri"a (?), n. [Sp. See Caballero.] An ancient Spanish land tenure similar to the English knight's fee; hence, in Spain and countries settled by the Spanish, a land measure of varying size. In Cuba it is about 33 acres; in Porto Rico, about 194 acres; in the Southwestern United States, about 108 acres.

||Ca`bal*le"ro (?), n. [Sp. Cf. Cavalier.] A knight or cavalier; hence, a gentleman.

||Ca*bal"lo (k&adot;*väl"y&osl;; 220), n. [Written also cavallo.] [Sp., fr. L. caballus a nag. See Cavalcade.] A horse. [Sp. Amer.]

Cab"a*ret (?), n. In the United States, a café or restaurant where the guests are entertained by performers who dance or sing on the floor between the tables, after the practice of a certain class of French taverns; hence, an entertainment of this nature.

Ca"ber (?), n. [Gael. cabar.] A pole or beam, esp. one used in Gaelic games for tossing as a trial of strength.

||Ca`bo`chon" (k&adot;`b&osl;`shôN"), n. [F.] (Jewelry) A stone of convex form, highly polished, but not faceted; also, the style of cutting itself. Such stones are said to be cut en cabochon.

||Ca*chæ"mi*a, ||Ca*che"mi*a (&?;), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; bad + &?; blood.] (Med.) A degenerated or poisoned condition of the blood. -- Ca*chæ"mic, Ca*che"mic (#), a.

||Cac`o*chym"i*a (?), n. [NL., Gr. &?;; &?; bad + &?; juice.] (Med.) A vitiated state of the humors, or fluids, of the body, esp. of the blood. -- Cac`o*chym"ic (#), Cac`o*chym"ic*al (#), a.

||Cac`o*sto"mi*a (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; bad + &?; mouth.] (Med.) Diseased or gangrenous condition of the mouth.

{ Ca*dav"er*ine (?), n. Also - in }. [From Cadaver.] (Chem.) A sirupy, nontoxic ptomaine, C₅H₁₄N₂ (chemically pentamethylene diamine), formed in putrefaction of flesh, etc.

Cad"die (?), n. [Written also caddy, cadie, cady, and cawdy.] [See Cadet.] 1. A cadet. [Obs. Scot.]

2. A lad; young fellow. [Scot.] Burns.

3. One who does errands or other odd jobs. [Scot.]

4. An attendant who carries a golf player's clubs, tees his ball, etc.

Ca*det", n. 1. In New Zealand, a young gentleman learning sheep farming at a station; also, any young man attached to a sheep station.

2. A young man who makes a business of ruining girls to put them in brothels. [Slang, U. S.]

Cæ`la*tu"ra (?), n. [L., fr. caelare to engrave in relief.] Art of producing metal decorative work other than statuary, as reliefs, intaglios, engraving, chasing, etc.

Caf`e*te"ri*a (?), n. [Cf. F. cafetière.] A restaurant or café at which the patrons serve themselves with food kept at a counter, taking the food to small tables to eat. [U. S.]

Ca*hens"ly*ism (?), n. (R. C. Ch.) A plan proposed to the Pope in 1891 by P. P. Cahensly, a member of the German parliament, to divide the foreign-born population of the United States, for ecclesiastical purposes, according to European nationalities, and to appoint bishops and priests of like race and speaking the same language as the majority of the members of a diocese or congregation. This plan was successfully opposed by the American party in the Church.

Ca*hin"ca root` (?). [Written also cainca root.] [See Cahincic.] (Bot.) The root of an American shrub (Chiococca racemosa), found as far north as Florida Keys, from which cahincic acid is obtained; also, the root of the South American Chiococca anguifuga, a celebrated antidote for snake poison.

Cais"son dis*ease". (Med.) A disease frequently induced by remaining for some time in an atmosphere of high pressure, as in caissons, diving bells, etc. It is characterized by neuralgic pains and paralytic symptoms. It is variously explained, most probably as due to congestion of internal organs with subsequent stasis of the blood.

Ca"jun (?), n. [A corruption of Acadian.] (Ethnol.) In Louisiana, a person reputed to be Acadian French descent.

||Ca`la*bo"zo (?), n. [Sp.] A jail. See Calaboose.

Ca`la*ve"ras skull (?). A human skull reported, by Prof. J. D. Whitney, as found in 1886 in a Tertiary auriferous gravel deposit, lying below a bed of black lava, in Calaveras County, California. It is regarded as very doubtful whether the skull really belonged to the deposit in which it was found. If it did, it indicates an unprecedented antiquity for human beings of an advanced type.

Cal`i*for"ni*a jack" (?). A game at cards, a modification of seven-up, or all fours.

||Ca*lor"i*sa`tor (?), n. [NL., heater, fr. L. calor heat.] An apparatus used in beet-sugar factories to heat the juice in order to aid the diffusion.

Calve (?), v. i. (Phys. Geog.) To throw off fragments which become icebergs; -- said of a glacier.

||Ca"ma*ra (?), n. [Pg.] Chamber; house; -- used in Ca"ma*ra dos Pa"res (&?;), and Ca"ma*ra dos De`pu*ta"dos (&?;). See Legislature.

||Ca`ma`ra`de*rie" (?), n. [F. See Comrade.] Comradeship and loyalty.

The spirit of camaraderie is strong among these riders of the plains.

Cam"ass (?). n. [Origin uncert.] A small prairie in a forest; a small grassy plain among hills. [Western U. S.]

Ca*mel"li*a (?), n. [NL., after Georg Josef Kamel, or Camelli, a Jesuit who is said to have brought it from the East.] (Hort.) An ornamental greenhouse shrub (Thea japonica) with glossy evergreen leaves and roselike red or white double flowers.

Cam"el*ry (?), n. Troops that are mounted on camels.

||Ca`mem`bert" (?), n., or Camembert cheese. A kind of soft, unpressed cream cheese made in the vicinity of Camembert, near Argentan, France; also, any cheese of the same type, wherever made.

||Ca*mor"ra (?), n. [It.] A secret organization formed at Naples, Italy, early in the 19th century, and used partly for political ends and partly for practicing extortion, violence, etc. -- Ca*mor"rist (#), n.

Ca*nal", n. A long and relatively narrow arm of the sea, approximately uniform in width; -- used chiefly in proper names; as, Portland Canal; Lynn Canal. [Alaska]

||Ca`na`pé" (?), n. [F., orig. a couch with mosquito curtains. See Canopy.] 1. A sofa or divan.

2. (Cookery) A slice or piece of bread fried in butter or oil, on which anchovies, mushrooms, etc., are served.

||Ca`na`pé" con`fi`dent" (?). A sofa having a seat at each end at right angles to the main seats.

Can*des"cent (?), a. [L. candescens, -entis, p. pr. of candescere, v. incho. fr. candere to shine.] Glowing; luminous; incandescent.

Candle foot. (Photom.) The illumination produced by a British standard candle at a distance of one foot; -- used as a unit of illumination.

Candle meter. (Photom.) The illumination given by a standard candle at a distance of one meter; -- used as a unit of illumination, except in Great Britain.

Can"dle*nut` (?), n. 1. The fruit of a euphorbiaceous tree or shrub (Aleurites moluccana), native of some of the Pacific islands. It is used by the natives as a candle. The oil from the nut ( candlenut, or kekune, oil) has many uses.

2. The tree itself.

Can`dle*pin` (?), n. (Tenpins) (a) A form of pin slender and nearly straight like a candle. (b) The game played with such pins; -- in form candlepins, used as a singular.

Candle power. (Photom.) Illuminating power, as of a lamp, or gas flame, reckoned in terms of the light of a standard candle.

Cangue (kăng), n. [Written also cang.] [F. cangue, fr. Pg. canga yoke.] A very broad and heavy wooden collar which certain offenders in China are compelled to wear as a punishment.

||Can`ne*lé" (?), n. [F., pop., fluted.] (Textiles) A style of interweaving giving to fabrics a channeled or fluted effect; also, a fabric woven so as to have this effect; a rep.

Can"ne*lure (kăn"n&esl;*l&usl;r), n. [F., fr. canneler to groove.] (Mil.) A groove in any cylinder; specif., a groove around the cylinder of an elongated bullet for small arms to contain a lubricant, or around the rotating band of a gun projectile to lessen the resistance offered to the rifling. Also, a groove around the base of a cartridge, where the extractor takes hold. -- Can"ne*lured (#), a.

Can"non, v. i. 1. To discharge cannon.

2. To collide or strike violently, esp. so as to glance off or rebound; to strike and rebound.

He heard the right-hand goal post crack as a pony cannoned into it -- crack, splinter, and fall like a mast.

||Cañ`on*ci"to (?), n. [Amer. Sp. dim. See Cañon.] [Southwestern U. S.] 1. A small cañon.

2. A narrow passage or lane through chaparral or a forest.

||Ca`po*ral" (kä`p&osl;*räl"), n. [Sp. See Corporal, n.] One who directs work; an overseer. [Sp. Amer.]

||Ca"po tas"to (?). [It. capotasto.] (Music) A sort of bar or movable nut, attached to the finger board of a guitar or other fretted instrument for the purpose of raising uniformly the pitch of all the strings.

Ca"pri (?), n. Wine produced on the island of Capri, commonly a light, dry, white wine.

||Cap`su*li"tis (?), n. [NL.; E. capsule + -itis.] (Med.) Inflammation of a capsule, as that of the crystalline lens.

Cap`su*lot"o*my (?), n. [Capsule + Gr. &?; to cut.] (Surg.) The incision of a capsule, esp. of that of the crystalline lens, as in a cataract operation.

||Ca`ra*ba"o (?), n. [Native name.] (Zoöl.) The water buffalo. [Phil. Islands]

Ca`ra*cul" (?), n. Var. of Karakul, a kind of fur.

Car"bon, n. (Elec.) A carbon rod or pencil used in an arc lamp; also, a plate or piece of carbon used as one of the elements of a voltaic battery.

Car"bon*ite (?), n. [Carbon + -ite.] 1. An explosive consisting essentially of nitroglycerin, wood meal, and some nitrate, as that of sodium.

2. An explosive composed of nitrobenzene, saltpeter, sulphur, and kieselguhr.

Car"bon process. (Photog.) A printing process depending on the effect of light on bichromatized gelatin. Paper coated with a mixture of the gelatin and a pigment is called carbon paper or carbon tissue. This is exposed under a negative and the film is transferred from the paper to some other support and developed by washing (the unexposed portions being dissolved away). If the process stops here it is called single transfer; if the image is afterward transferred in order to give an unreversed print, the method is called double transfer.

Carbon steel. Steel deriving its qualities from carbon chiefly, without the presence of other alloying elements; -- opposed to alloy steel.

Carbon transmitter. A telephone transmitter in which a carbon contact is used.

Car`bo*run"dum (?), [Carbon + corundum.] A beautiful crystalline compound, SiC, consisting of carbon and silicon in combination; carbon silicide. It is made by heating carbon and sand together in an electric furnace. The commercial article is dark-colored and iridescent. It is harder than emery, and is used as an abrasive.

{ Carborundum cloth or paper }. Cloth or paper covered with powdered carborundum.

{ Car"bu*ret`or, Car"bu*ret`tor (?) }, n. One that carburets; specif., an apparatus in which air or gas is carbureted, as by passing it through a light petroleum oil. The carburetor for a gasoline engine is usually either a surface carburetor, or a float, float- feed, or spray, carburetor. In the former air is charged by being passed over the surface of gasoline. In the latter a fine spray of gasoline is drawn from an atomizing nozzle by a current of air induced by the suction of the engine piston, the supply of gasoline being regulated by a float which actuates a needle valve controlling the outlet of the feed pipe. Alcohol and other volatile inflammable liquids may be used instead of gasoline.

Car"cel (?), n. (Photom.) A light standard much used in France, being the light from a Carcel lamp of stated size and construction consuming 42 grams of colza oil per hour with a flame 40 millimeters in height. Its illuminating power is variously stated at from 8.9 to 9.6 British standard candles.

Car"di*o*gram` (?), n. [Gr. &?; heart + -gram.] (Physiol.) The curve or tracing made by a cardiograph.

Car`di*og"ra*phy (?), n. 1. Description of the heart.

2. (Physiol.) Examination by the cardiograph.

||Car"di*o*scle*ro"sis (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; heart + sclerosis.] Induration of the heart, caused by development of fibrous tissue in the cardiac muscle.

Car mile. (Railroads) A mile traveled by a single car, taken as a unit of computation, as in computing the average travel of each car of a system during a given period.

Car mileage. (Railroads) (a) Car miles collectively. (b) The amount paid by one road the use of cars of another road.

Car"mi*nat`ed (?), a. Of, relating to, or mixed with, carmine; as, carminated lake.

Car"nic (?), a. [L. caro, carnis, flesh.] Of or pertaining to flesh; specif. (Physiol. Chem.), pertaining to or designating a hydroscopic monobasic acid, C₁₀H₁₅O₅N₃, obtained as a cleavage product from an acid of muscle tissue.

Car`not's" cy"cle (?). [After N. L. S. Carnot, French physicist.] (Thermodynamics) An ideal heat-engine cycle in which the working fluid goes through the following four successive operations: (1) Isothermal expansion to a desired point; (2) adiabatic expansion to a desired point; (3) isothermal compression to such a point that (4) adiabatic compression brings it back to its initial state.

||Ca`rotte" (?), n. [F., prop., carrot.] A cylindrical roll of tobacco; as, a carotte of perique.

||Car`ro*ma"ta (?), n. [Sp. in Phil. I.] In the Philippines, a light, two-wheeled, boxlike vehicle usually drawn by a single native pony and used to convey passengers within city limits or for traveling. It is the common public carriage.

Car"tist (?), n. [Sp. cartista, fr. carta paper, document (cf. Pg. carta). See Charta; cf. Chartist.] In Spain and Portugal, one who supports the constitution.

Car"to*gram (?), n. [F. cartogramme.] A map showing geographically, by shades or curves, statistics of various kinds; a statistical map.

||Ca"sa (?), n. [Sp. or It., fr. L. casa cabin.] A house or mansion. [Sp. Amer. & Phil. Islands]

I saw that Enriquez had made no attempt to modernize the old casa, and that even the garden was left in its lawless native luxuriance.

Cas*cade" meth"od. (Physics) A method of attaining successively lower temperatures by utilizing the cooling effect of the expansion of one gas in condensing another less easily liquefiable, and so on.

Cascade system. (Elec.) A system or method of connecting and operating two induction motors so that the primary circuit of one is connected to the secondary circuit of the other, the primary circuit of the latter being connected to the source of supply; also, a system of electric traction in which motors so connected are employed. The cascade system is also called tandem, or concatenated, system; the connection a cascade, tandem, or concatenated, connection, or a concatenation; and the control of the motors so obtained a tandem, or concatenation, control. In the cascade system of traction the cascade connection is used for starting and for low speeds up to half speed. For full speed the short- circuited motor is cut loose from the other motor and is either left idle or (commonly) connected direct to the line.

Cas"ca*ra buck"thorn` (?). (Bot.) The buckthorn (Rhamnus Purshiana) of the Pacific coast of the United States, which yields cascara sagrada.

||Cas`ca*ron" (?), n. [Sp. cascarón.] Lit., an eggshell; hence, an eggshell filled with confetti to be thrown during balls, carnivals, etc. [Western U. S.]

Ca"se*ose (?), n. [Casein + - ose.] (Physiol.Chem.) A soluble product (proteose) formed in the gastric and pancreatic digestion of casein and caseinogen.

Case system. (Law) The system of teaching law in which the instruction is primarily a historical and inductive study of leading or selected cases, with or without the use of textbooks for reference and collateral reading.

Cash*ier's" check (?). (Banking) A check drawn by a bank upon its own funds, signed by the cashier.

Cash railway. A form of cash carrier in which a small carrier or car travels upon a kind of track.

Cash register. A device for recording the amount of cash received, usually having an automatic adding machine and a money drawer and exhibiting the amount of the sale.

Cas"sa*va wood` (?). (Bot.) A West Indian tree (Turpinia occidentalis) of the family Staphyleaceæ.

{ Cas"sel brown, Cas"sel earth } (?). A brown pigment of varying permanence, consisting of impure lignite. It was found originally near Cassel (now Kassel), Germany.

||Casse`-tête" (?), n. [F., fr. casser to breal (see 2d Quash) + tête head.] A small war club, esp. of savages; -- so called because of its supposed use in crushing the skull.

||Cas`sette" (?), n. [F., prop., a casket, dim. of casse a case. See lst Case.] Same as Seggar.

Cat"a*clasm (?), n. [Gr. &?;; &?; down + &?; to break.] A breaking asunder; disruption.

Cat`a*crot"ic (?), a. [Cata- + Gr. &?; a beating.] (Physiol.) Designating, pertaining to, or characterized by, that form of pulse tracing, or sphygmogram, in which the descending portion of the curve is marked by secondary elevations due to two or more expansions of the artery in the same beat. -- Ca*tac"rotism (#), n.

Cat`a*di"cro*tism (?), n. [Cata- + dicrotism.] (Physiol.) Quality or state of being catacrotic. -- Cat`a*di*crot"ic (#), a.

Cat"a*plex`y (?), n. [Gr. &?; amazement: cf. Apoplexy.] (Med.) A morbid condition caused by an overwhelming shock or extreme fear and marked by rigidity of the muscles. -- Cat`a*plec"tic (#), a.

Catch crop. Any crop grown between the rows of another crop or intermediate between two crops in ordinary rotation in point of time. -- Catch"-crop`ping, n.

Radishes . . . are often grown as a catch crop with other vegetables.

Catch title. A short expressive title used for abbreviated book lists, etc.

Catch"y (?), a. 1. Apt or tending to catch the fancy or attention; catching; taking; as, catchy music.

2. Tending to catch or insnare; entangling; - - usually used fig.; as, a catchy question.

3. Consisting of, or occuring in, disconnected parts or snatches; changeable; as, a catchy wind.

It [the fox's scent] is . . . flighty or catchy, if variable.

Ca*thar"sis (?), n. (Psychotherapy) The process of relieving an abnormal excitement by reëstablishing the association of the emotion with the memory or idea of the event that first caused it, and of eliminating it by complete expression (called the abreaction).

{ Ca*thod"o*graph (?), n. Also Ca*thod"e*graph (?) }. [Cathode + -graph.] (Physics) A picture produced by the Röntgen rays; a radiograph.

Cau"lome (?), n. [Gr. kalo`s stem + -ome as in rhizome.] (Bot.) A stem structure or stem axis of a plant, viewed as a whole. -- Cau*lom"ic (#), a.

||Cause`rie" (?), n. [F., fr. causer to chat.] Informal talk or discussion, as about literary matters; light conversation; chat.

Cau"tion, n. (Civil & Scots Law) A pledge, bond, or other security for the performance of an obligation either in or out of judicial proceedings; the promise or contract of one not for himself but another; security.

Cau"tion*a*ry block. (Railroads) A block in which two or more trains are permitted to travel, under restrictions imposed by a caution card or the like.

Cave, n. (Eng. Politics) A coalition or group of seceders from a political party, as from the Liberal party in England in 1866. See Adullam, Cave of, in the Dictionary of Noted Names in Fiction.

||Ca"yo (?), n.; pl. - yos (#). [Sp.] A small island or ledge of rock in the water; a key. [Sp. Am.]

||Cein`ture" (?), n. [F.] A cincture, girdle, or belt; -- chiefly used in English as a dressmaking term.

Ce*les"tial (?), a. Of, pertaining to, or characteristic of, the Chinese, or Celestial, Empire, of the Chinese people.

Ce*les"tial, n. A Chinaman; a Chinese. [Colloq.]

Cel"ti*um (?), n. [NL.] (Chem.) A supposed new element of the rare-earth group, accompanying lutecium and scandium in the gadolinite earths. Symbol, Ct (no period).

Ce*ment" steel. Steel produced by cementation; blister steel.

Cen`tau*rom"a*chy (?), n. [Gr. &?;; &?; centaur + &?; battle.] (Ancient Art) A fight in which centaurs take part, -- a common theme for relief sculpture, as in the Parthenon metopes.

Centennial State. Colorado; -- a nickname alluding to the fact that it was admitted to the Union in the centennial year, 1876.

{ Cen"ter, or Cen"tre, seal }. (Gas Manuf.) A compound hydraulic valve for regulating the passage of the gas through a set of purifiers so as to cut out each one in turn for the renewal of the lime.

{ Center, or Centre, punch }. (Mech.) (a) A punch for making indentations or dots in a piece of work, as for suspension between lathe centers, etc. (b) A punch for punching holes in sheet metal, having a small conical center to insure correct locating.

Cen*trif"u*gal fil"ter. A filter, as for sugar, in which a cylinder with a porous or foraminous periphery is rapidly rotated so as to drive off liquid by centrifugal action.

Cen"tro*sphere (?), n. [Gr. &?; centre + sphere.] 1. (Geol.) The nucleus or central part of the earth, forming most of its mass; -- disting. from lithosphere, hydrosphere, etc.

2. (Biol.) The central mass of an aster from which the rays extend and within which the centrosome lies when present; the attraction sphere. The name has been used both as excluding and including the centrosome, and also to designate a modified mass of protoplasm about a centrosome whether aster rays are developed or not.

Ceorl (k&ebreve;ôrl or ch&etilde;rl), n. [AS. See Churl, n.] (O. Eng. Hist.) A freeman of the lowest class; one not a thane or of the servile classes; a churl.

Ce*pa"ceous (?), a. [L. cepa, caepa, onion.] Of the nature of an onion, as in odor; alliaceous.

Ceph`a*lal"gi*a (?), n. [L., fr. Gr. &?;; &?; head + &?; pain.] (Med.) Headache.

Ceph`a*lal"gic (?), a. [L. cephalalgicus, Gr. &?;.] (Med.) Relating to, or affected with, headache. -- n. A remedy for the headache.

Ceph"a*lism (?), n. [Gr. &?; head.] (Anthropol.) Form or development of the skull; as, the races of man differ greatly in cephalism.

Ceph`a*lom"e*try (?), n. (Anthropometry) The measurement of the heads of living persons. -- Ceph`a*lo*met"ric (#),a.

Cer"e*vis (s&ebreve;r"&esl;*v&ibreve;s; G. ts&ebreve;r`&etilde;*vēs"), n. [G., fr. L. cerevisia, cervisia, beer.] A small visorless cap, worn by members of German student corps. It is made in the corps colors, and usually bears the insignia of the corps.

Ce"ri*a (sē"r&ibreve;*&adot;), n. (Chem.) Cerium oxide, CeO₂, a white infusible substance constituting about one per cent of the material of the common incandescent mantle.

Ce"ro*type` (?), n. [Gr. &?; wax + - type.] A printing process of engraving on a surface of wax spread on a steel plate, for electrotyping.

Ce*ru"le*in (?), n. [L. caeruleus sky-blue.] (Chem.) A fast dyestuff, C₂₀H₈O₆, made by heating gallein with strong sulphuric acid. It dyes mordanted fabrics green.

Ce`ru*les"cent (?), a. [L. caeruleus sky-blue + -escent.] Tending to cerulean; light bluish.

Ce*ru"le*um (?), n. [NL.] A greenish blue pigment prepared in various ways, consisting essentially of cobalt stannate. Unlike other cobalt blues, it does not change color by gaslight.

C. G. T. An abbreviation for Confédération Générale du Travail (the French syndicalist labor union).

Cha (chä), n. [Chin. ch‘a.] [Also chaa, chais, tsia, etc.] Tea; -- the Chinese (Mandarin) name, used generally in early works of travel, and now for a kind of rolled tea used in Central Asia.

A pot with hot water . . . made with the powder of a certain herb called chaa, which is much esteemed.

Cha"gres fe"ver (?). (Med.) A form of malarial fever occurring along the Chagres River, Panama.

Chain tie. (Arch.) A tie consisting of a series of connected iron bars or rods.

Chal`a*zog"a*my (?), n. [Chalaza + -gamy, as in polygamy.] (Bot.) A process of fecundation in which the pollen tube penetrates to the embryosac through the tissue of the chalaza, instead of entering through the micropyle. It was originally discovered by Treub in Casuarina, and has since been found to occur regularly in the families Betulaceæ and Juglandaceæ. Partial chalazogamy is found in Ulmus, the tube here penetrating the nucleus midway between the chalaza and micropyle. -- Chal`a*zo*gam"ic (#), a.

||Cham`bran"le (?), n. [F.] (Arch.) An ornamental bordering or framelike decoration around the sides and top of a door, window, or fireplace. The top piece is called the traverse and the side pieces the ascendants.

Cham"bray (?), n. [From Cambrai, France. Cf. Cambric.] A gingham woven in plain colors with linen finish.

||Cha`mi*sal" (?), n. [Amer. Sp., fr. Sp. chamiza a kind of wild cane.] 1. (Bot.) A California rosaceous shrub (Adenostoma fasciculatum) which often forms an impenetrable chaparral.

2. A chaparral formed by dense growths of this shrub.

||Champ`le*vé" (?), a. [F., p. p. of champlever to engrave. See 3d Champ, Camp, Lever a bar.] (Art) Having the ground engraved or cut out in the parts to be enameled; inlaid in depressions made in the ground; -- said of a kind of enamel work in which depressions made in the surface are filled with enamel pastes, which are afterward fired; also, designating the process of making such enamel work. -- n. A piece of champlevé enamel; also, the process or art of making such enamel work; champlevé work.

Change gear. (Mach.) A gear by means of which the speed of machinery or of a vehicle may be changed while that of the propelling engine or motor remains constant; -- called also change-speed gear.

Change key. A key adapted to open only one of a set of locks; -- distinguished from a master key.

||Chan`son" de geste" (?). [F., prop., song of history.] Any Old French epic poem having for its subject events or exploits of early French history, real or legendary, and written originally in assonant verse of ten or twelve syllables. The most famous one is the Chanson de Roland.

Langtoft had written in the ordinary measure of the later chansons de geste.

Chant"ey (?), n. [Cf. F. chanter to sing, and Chant. n.] A sailor's song.

May we lift a deep-sea chantey such as seamen use at sea?

||Cha`pa*ra"jos (?), n. pl. [Mex. Sp.] Overalls of sheepskin or leather, usually open at the back, worn, esp. by cowboys, to protect the legs from thorny bushes, as in the chaparral; -- called also chapareras or colloq. chaps. [Sp. Amer.]

||Cha`pa*re"ras (?), n. pl. [Mex. Sp.] Same as Chaparajos. [Sp. Amer.]

Chaps (?), n. pl. Short for Chaparajos. [Colloq.]

Char"lie (?), n. 1. A familiar nickname or substitute for Charles.

2. A night watchman; -- an old name.

3. A short, pointed beard, like that worn by Charles I.

4. As a proper name, a fox; -- so called in fables and familiar literature.

||Chasse (?), n. [See Chasse- cafÉ] A small potion of spirituous liquor taken to remove the taste of coffee, tobacco, or the like; -- originally chasse-café, lit., "coffee chaser."

||Chasse`-ca`fé" (?), n. [F., fr. chasser to chase + café coffee.] See Chasse, n., above.

||Chasse`-ma`rée" (?), n. [F., fr. chasser to chase + marée tide.] (Naut.) A French coasting lugger.

Chas"sis (?), n. The under part of an automobile, consisting of the frame (on which the body is mounted) with the wheels and machinery.

Chat"ter mark`. (a) (Mach.) One of the fine undulations or ripples which are formed on the surface of work by a cutting tool which chatters. (b) (Geol.) A short crack on a rock surface planed smooth by a glacier.

||Chauf`feur" (?), n. [F., lit., stoker.] 1. [pl.] (F. Hist.) Brigands in bands, who, about 1793, pillaged, burned, and killed in parts of France; -- so called because they used to burn the feet of their victims to extort money.

2. One who manages the running of an automobile; esp., the paid operator of a motor vehicle.

||Chauf`feuse" (?), n. [F., fem. of chauffeur.] A woman chauffeur.

Chau*tau"qua sys"tem (of education) (?). The system of home study established in connection with the summer schools assembled at Chautauqua, N. Y., by the Methodist Episcopal bishop, J. H. Vincent.

Cheese" cloth` (?). A thin, loosewoven cotton cloth, such as is used in pressing cheese curds.

||Che"la (?), n. [Hind. chēla, orig., slave, fr. Skr. cē&tsdot;a, cē&tsdot;aka, slave, servant.] In India, a dependent person occupying a position between that of a servant or slave and a disciple; hence, a disciple or novice. -- Che"la*ship, n.

Che*mig"ra*phy (?), n. [Chemical + -graphy.] Any mechanical engraving process depending upon chemical action; specif., a process of zinc etching not employing photography. -- Chem`i*graph"ic (#), a.

||Che*mo"sis (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; a swelling of the cornea resembling a cockleshell, fr. &?; a gaping, hence a cockleshell.] (Med.) Inflammatory swelling of the conjunctival tissue surrounding the cornea. -- Che*mot"ic (#), a.

Chem`os*mo"sis (?), n. [Chemical + osmosis.] Chemical action taking place through an intervening membrane. -- Chem`os*mot"ic (#), a.

Chem`o*syn"the*sis (?), n. [Chemical + synthesis.] (Plant Physiol.) Synthesis of organic compounds by energy derived from chemical changes or reactions. Chemosynthesis of carbohydrates occurs in the nitrite bacteria through the oxidation of ammonia to nitrous acid, and in the nitrate bacteria through the conversion of nitrous into nitric acid. -- Chem`o*syn*thet"ic (#), a.

{Chem`o*tax"is (?), n. Formerly also Chem`i*o*tax"is}. [Chemical + Gr. &?; arrangement, fr. &?; to arrange.] (Biol.) The sensitiveness exhibited by small free-swimming organisms, as bacteria, zoöspores of algæ, etc., to chemical substances held in solution. They may be attracted (positive chemotaxis) or repelled (negative chemotaxis). -- Chem`o*tac"tic (#), a. -- Chem`o*tac"tic*al*ly, adv.

Chev"y (?), n. [Written also chivy, and chivvy.] [Prob. fr. the ballad of Chevy Chase; cf. Prov. E. chevychase a noise, confusion, pursuit.] [Eng.] 1. A cry used in hunting.

2. A hunt; chase; pursuit.

3. The game of prisoners' base. See Base, n., 24.

||Chic (?), a. [F. Cf. Chic, n.] Original and in good taste or form. [Colloq.]

||Chi`ca*lo"te (?), n. [Sp., prob. of Mex. origin.] (Bot.) A Mexican prickly poppy (Argemone platyceras), which has migrated into California.

Chi*cane" (?), n. (Card playing) In bridge, the holding of a hand without trumps, or the hand itself. It counts as simple honors.

{Chic"le (?), n., Chicle gum}. [Amer. Sp. chicle.] A gumlike substance obtained from the bully tree (Mimusops globosa) and sometimes also from the naseberry or sapodilla (Sapota zapotilla). It is more plastic than caoutchouc and more elastic than gutta-percha, as an adulterant of which it is used in England. It is used largely in the United States in making chewing gum.

Chi"co (?), n. 1. Var. of Chica.

2. The common greasewood of the western United States (Sarcobatus vermiculatus).

3. In the Philippines, the sapodilla or its fruit; also, the marmalade tree or its fruit.

||Chif`fon" (?), n. [F., lit., rag. See Chiffonier.] 1. Any merely ornamental adjunct of a woman's dress, as a bunch of ribbon, lace, etc.

2. A kind of soft gauzy material used for ruches, trimmings, etc.

||Chih" fu` (?). [Chin. chih fu, lit., (He who) knows (the) prefecture.] An official administering a prefecture of China; a prefect, supervising the civil business of the hsiens or districts comprised in his fu (which see).

||Chih" hsien` (?). [Chin. chih hsien, lit., (He who) knows (the) district.] An official having charge of a hsien, or administrative district, in China; a district magistrate, responsible for good order in his hsien (which see), and having jurisdiction in its civil and criminal cases.

||Chih" tai` (?). [Chin. chih to govern + t‘ai an honorary title.] A Chinese governor general; a tsung tu (which see).

Child study. A scientific study of children, undertaken for the purpose of discovering the laws of development of the body and the mind from birth to manhood.

Chil"e*an (?), a. Of or pertaining to Chile.

Chil"e*an, n. A native or resident of Chile; Chilian.

Chilean pine. (Bot.) Same as Monkey- puzzle.

Chinese Exclusion Act. Any of several acts forbidding the immigration of Chinese laborers into the United States, originally from 1882 to 1892 by act of May 6, 1882, then from 1892 to 1902 by act May 5, 1892. By act of April 29, 1902, all existing legislation on the subject was reënacted and continued, and made applicable to the insular possessions of the United States.

||Chi`noi`se*rie" (shē`nw&adot;`z'*rē"), n. [F.] Chinese conduct, art, decoration, or the like; also, a specimen of Chinese manners, art, decoration, etc.

Chi*nook" State. Washington -- a nickname. See Chinook, n.

Chip"pen*dale (?), a. Designating furniture designed, or like that designed, by Thomas Chippendale, an English cabinetmaker of the 18th century. Chippendale furniture was generally of simple but graceful outline with delicately carved rococo ornamentation, sculptured either in the solid wood or, in the cheaper specimens, separately and glued on. In the more elaborate pieces three types are recognized: French Chippendale, having much detail, like Louis Quatorze and Louis Quinze; Chinese Chippendale, marked by latticework and pagodalike pediments; and Gothic Chippendale, attempting to adapt medieval details. The forms, as of the cabriole and chairbacks, often resemble Queen Anne. In chairs, the seat is widened at the front, and the back toward the top widened and bent backward, except in Chinese Chippendale, in which the backs are usually rectangular. -- Chip"pen*dal*ism (#), n.

It must be clearly and unmistakably understood, then, that, whenever painted (that is to say, decorated with painted enrichment) or inlaid furniture is described as Chippendale, no matter where or by whom, it is a million chances to one that the description is incorrect.

Chirm (?), n. [AS. cirm, cyrm.] Noise; din; esp.; confused noise, clamor, or hum of many voices, notes of birds, or the like.

{ Chit, Chit"ty (?) }, n. [Hind. chi&tsdot;&tsdot;ī.] 1. A short letter or note; a written message or memorandum; a certificate given to a servant; a pass, or the like.

2. A signed voucher or memorandum of a small debt, as for food and drinks at a club. [India, China, etc.]

{ ||Chi*var"ras (?), ||Chi*var"ros (?), } n. pl. [Mex. Sp.] Leggings. [Mex. & Southwestern U. S.]

Chlo"ro*plast (?), n. [Pref. chloro- + Gr. &?; to mold, form.] (Biol.) A plastid containing chlorophyll, developed only in cells exposed to the light. Chloroplasts are minute flattened granules, usually occurring in great numbers in the cytoplasm near the cell wall, and consist of a colorless ground substance saturated with chlorophyll pigments. Under light of varying intensity they exhibit phototactic movements. In animals chloroplasts occur only in certain low forms.

Choke"bore` (?), n. 1. In a shotgun, a bore which is tapered to a slightly smaller diameter at a short distance (usually 2½ to 3 inches) to the rear of the muzzle, in order to prevent the rapid dispersion of the shot.

2. A shotgun that is made with such a bore.

Choke"bore`, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Chokebored (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Chokeboring.] To provide with a chokebore.

Choking coil. (Elec.) A coil of small resistance and large inductance, used in an alternating-current circuit to impede or throttle the current, or to change its phase; -- called also reactance coil or reactor, these terms being now preferred in engineering usage.

Cho"ky (?), n. [From Hind. chauki watching, guard.] 1. A station, as for collection of customs, for palanquin bearers, police, etc. [India]

2. Specif., a prison or lockup; a jail. [India, or Slang, Eng.]

||Cho`mage" (?), n. [F. chomage.] 1. Stoppage; cessation (of labor).

2. A standing still or idle (of mills, factories, etc.).

{ Chop su"ey or soo"y } (?). [Chin. (Cantonese) shap sui odds and ends, fr. shap for sap to enter the mouth + sui small bits pounded fine.] A mélange served in Chinese restaurants to be eaten with rice, noodles, etc. It consists typically of bean sprouts, onions, mushrooms, etc., and sliced meats, fried and flavored with sesame oil. [U. S.]

Chor"tle (?), v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Chortled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Chor"tling (&?;).] A word coined by Lewis Carroll (Charles L. Dodgson), and usually explained as a combination of chuckle and snort. [Humorous]

O frabjous day ! Callooh ! Callay !
He chortled in his joy.

||Chou (?), n.; pl. Choux (#). [F., fr. L. caulis stalk.] 1. A cabbage.

2. A kind of light pastry, usually in the form of a small round cake, and with a filling, as of jelly or cream.

3. A bunch, knot, or rosette of ribbon or other material, used as an ornament in women's dress.

Chow (?), n. [Chin chou.] A prefecture or district of the second rank in China, or the chief city of such a district; -- often part of the name of a city, as in Foochow.

Chris"tian, a. -- Christian Endeavor, Young People's Society of. In various Protestant churches, a society of young people organized in each individual church to do Christian work; also, the whole body of such organizations, which are united in a corporation called the United Society of Christian Endeavor, organized in 1885. The parent society was founded in 1881 at Portland, Maine, by Rev. Francis E. Clark, a Congregational minister.

Christian Era. The era in use in all Christian countries, which was intended to commence with the birth of Christ. The era as now established was first used by Dionysius Exiguus (died about 540), who placed the birth of Christ on the 25th of December in the year of Rome 754, which year he counted as 1 a. d. This date for Christ's birth is now generally thought to be about four years too late.

Christian Science. A system of healing disease of mind and body which teaches that all cause and effect is mental, and that sin, sickness, and death will be destroyed by a full understanding of the Divine Principle of Jesus' teaching and healing. The system was founded by Rev. Mary Baker Glover Eddy, of Concord, N. H., in 1866, and bases its teaching on the Scriptures as understood by its adherents.

Christian Scientist. A believer in Christian Science; one who practices its teachings.

Christian Seneca. Joseph Hall (1574 -- 1656), Bishop of Norwich, a divine eminent as a moralist.

Christian Socialism. Any theory or system that aims to combine the teachings of Christ with the teachings of socialism in their applications to life; Christianized socialism; esp., the principles of this nature advocated by F. D. Maurice, Charles Kingsley, and others in England about 1850. -- Christian socialist.

Chro"ma*tin (?), n. (Biol.) The deeply staining substance of the nucleus and chromosomes of cells, now supposed to be the physical basis of inheritance, and generally regarded as the same substance as the hypothetical idioplasm or germ plasm.

Chrome (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Chromed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Chroming.] [From Chrome, n.] To treat with a solution of potassium bichromate, as in dyeing.

Chrome steel. Same as Chromium steel, under Steel.

Chro`mo*pho"to*graph (?), n. [Gr. &?; color + photograph.] A picture made by any of the processes for reproducing photographs in colors. -- Chro`mo*pho`to*graph"ic (#), a.

Chron`o*pho"to*graph (?), n. [Gr. &?; time + photograph.] One of a set of photographs of a moving object, taken for the purpose of recording and exhibiting successive phases of the motion. -- Chron`o*pho*tog"ra*phy, n.

Chtho"ni*an (?), a. [Gr. &?; in or under the earth, fr. &?;, &?;, earth.] Designating, or pertaining to, gods or spirits of the underworld; esp., relating to the underworld gods of the Greeks, whose worship is widely considered as more primitive in form than that of the Olympian gods. The characteristics of chthonian worship are propitiatory and magical rites and generalized or euphemistic names of the deities, which are supposed to have been primarily ghosts.

Chum, n. -- New chum, a recent immigrant. [Australia]

Chu*pat"ty (?), n.; pl. - ties (#). [Hind. chapātī.] A kind of griddlecake of unleavened bread, used among the natives of India. [Anglo-Indian]

{ Chu*pras"sy Chu*pras"sie } (?), n. [Hind. chaprāssī, fr. chaprās badge.] A messenger or servant wearing an official badge. [Anglo-Indian]

Churr (?), n. [Cf. Chirr.] A vibrant or whirring noise such as that made by some insects, as the cockchafer, or by some birds, as the nightjar, the partridge, etc.

Churr, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Churred (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Churr"ing.] To make a churr, as a cockchafer.

That's the churring of the nightjar.

Churr, v. t. To utter by churring.

Cinch, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cinched (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Cinch"ing.] 1. To put a cinch upon; to girth tightly. [Western U. S.]

2. To get a sure hold upon; to get into a tight place, as for forcing submission. [Slang, U. S.]

Cinch, v. i. To perform the action of cinching; to tighten the cinch; -- often with up. [Western U. S.]

Cinch, n. [Cf. cinch a girth, a tight grip, as v., to get a sure hold upon; perh. so named from the tactics used in the game; also cf. Sp. cinco five (the five spots of the color of the trump being important cards).] A variety of auction pitch in which a draw to improve the hand is added, and the five of trumps (called right pedro) and the five of the same color (called left pedro, and ranking between the five and the four of trumps) each count five on the score. Fifty-one points make a game. Called also double pedro and high five.

Cinch, v. t. In the game of cinch, to protect (a trick) by playing a higher trump than the five.

Cin*cin"nus (?), n.; pl. - ni (#). [Also cicinus, cicinnus.] [L., a curl of hair.] (Bot.) A form of monochasium in which the lateral branches arise alternately on opposite sides of the false axis; -- called also scorpioid cyme. -- Cin*cin"nal (#), a.

Cin`e*mat"o*graph (?), n. [Gr. &?;, &?;, motion + -graph.] 1. A machine, combining magic lantern and kinetoscope features, for projecting on a screen a series of pictures, moved rapidly (25 to 50 a second) and intermittently before an objective lens, and producing by persistence of vision the illusion of continuous motion; a moving-picture machine; also, any of several other machines or devices producing moving pictorial effects. Other common names for the cinematograph are animatograph, biograph, bioscope, electrograph, electroscope, kinematograph, kinetoscope, veriscope, vitagraph, vitascope, zoögyroscope, zoöpraxiscope, etc.

The cinematograph, invented by Edison in 1894, is the result of the introduction of the flexible film into photography in place of glass.

2. A camera for taking chronophotographs for exhibition by the instrument described above.

Cin`e*ma*tog"ra*pher (?), n. One who exhibits moving pictures or who takes chronophotographs by the cinematograph. -- Cin`e*mat`o*graph"ic (#), a. -- Cin`e*mat`o*graph"ic*al*ly (#), adv.

Ci*ne"mo*graph (?), n. [Gr. &?; motion + -graph.] An integrating anemometer.

Cin`que*cen"tist (?), n. 1. An Italian of the sixteenth century, esp. a poet or artist.

2. A student or imitator of the art or literature of the Cinquecento.

Cit"range (?), n. [Citrus + orange.] A citrous fruit produced by a cross between the sweet orange and the trifoliate orange (Citrus trifoliata). It is more acid and has a more pronounced aroma than the orange; the tree is hardier. There are several varieties.

Civil Service Commission. In the United States, a commission appointed by the President, consisting of three members, not more than two of whom may be adherents of the same party, which has the control, through examinations, of appointments and promotions in the classified civil service. It was created by act of Jan, 16, 1883 (22 Stat. 403).

Civil Service Reform. The substitution of business principles and methods for political methods in the conduct of the civil service. esp. the merit system instead of the spoils system in making appointments to office.

Clair*au"di*ence (?), n. [F. clair clear + F. & E. audience a hearing. See Clear.] Act of hearing, or the ability to hear, sounds not normally audible; -- usually claimed as a special faculty of spiritualistic mediums, or the like.

Clair*au"di*ent (?), a. Pertaining to, or characterized by, clairaudience.

Clair*au"di*ent, n. One alleged to have the power of clairaudience.

||Claire (?), n. [F.] A small inclosed pond used for gathering and greening oysters.

Clan"-na-Gael" (?), n. [Ir., clan of the Gaels.] A secret society of Irish Fenians founded in Philadelphia in 1881.

Clash gear. (Mach.) A change-speed gear in which the gears are changed by sliding endwise.

Class day. In American colleges and universities, a day of the commencement season on which the senior class celebrates the completion of its course by exercises conducted by the members, such as the reading of the class histories and poem, the delivery of the class oration, the planting of the class ivy, etc.

Clatch (?), n. [Cf. Scot. clatch a slap, the noise caused by the collision of soft bodies; prob. of imitative origin.] (Scot. & Dial. Eng.) 1. A soft or sloppy lump or mass; as, to throw a clatch of mud.

2. Anything put together or made in a careless or slipshod way; hence, a sluttish or slipshod woman.

Clatch, v. t. & i. To daub or smear, as with lime; to make or finish in a slipshod way. [Scot.]

Clear"cole` (?), n. [F. claire colle clear glue; clair clear (f. claire) + colle glue, Gr. &?;] A priming of size mixed with whiting or white lead, used in house painting, etc.; also, a size upon which gold leaf is applied in gilding.

Clear"cole`, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Clearcoled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Clearcoling (?).] To coat or paint with clearcole.

Cleek (?), n. 1. A large hook or crook, as for a pot over a fire; specif., an iron-headed golf club with a straight, narrow face and a long shaft.

2. Act of cleeking; a clutch. [Scot.]

Cleek, v. t. [pret. Claught (?); pret. & p. p. Cleeked (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Cleeking.] [ME. cleken, clechen, to seize, clutch; perh. akin to E. clutch.] [Scot & Dial. Eng.] 1. To seize; clutch; snatch; catch; pluck.

2. To catch or draw out with a cleek, as a fish; to hook.

3. To hook or link (together); hence, to marry. Scott.

Cle`o*pa"tra's nee"dle (?). [So named after Cleopatra, queen of Egypt.] Either of two obelisks which were moved in ancient times from Heliopolis to Alexandria, one of which is now on the Thames Embankment in London, and the other in Central Park, in the City of New York.

&fist; Some writers consider that only the obelisk now in Central Park is properly called Cleopatra's needle.

Cli*mac"tic (?), a. Of or pertaining to a climax; forming, or of the nature of, a climax, or ascending series.

A fourth kind of parallelism . . . is still sufficiently marked to be noticed by the side of those described by Lowth, viz., climactic parallelism (sometimes called "ascending rhythm").

Clink (?), n. A prison cell; a lockup; -- probably orig. the name of the noted prison in Southwark, England. [Colloq.] "I'm here in the clink." Kipling.

Cli"no*stat (?), n. [Gr. &?; to incline + &?; to make to stand.] (Bot.) An apparatus consisting of a slowly revolving disk, usually regulated by clockwork, by means of wich the action of external agents, as light and gravity, on growing plants may be regulated or eliminated.

Clip, n. 1. (Mach.) A part, attachment, or appendage, for seizing, clasping, or holding, an object, as a cable, etc.

2. (Angling) A gaff or hook for landing the fish, as in salmon fishing. [Scot. & Prov. Eng.]

3. A rapid gait. "A three-minute clip." Kipling.

Cloche (?), n. [F., prop., bell.] (Aëronautics) An apparatus used in controlling certain kinds of aëroplanes, and consisting principally of a steering column mounted with a universal joint at the base, which is bellshaped and has attached to it the cables for controlling the wing- warping devices, elevator planes, and the like.

Clock"wise` (?), a. & adv. Like the motion of the hands of a clock; -- said of that direction of a rotation about an axis, or about a point in a plane, which is ordinarily reckoned negative.

||Clo"nus (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; violent, confused motion.] (Med.) A series of muscular contractions due to sudden stretching of the muscle, -- a sign of certain neuropathies.

Cloot (?), n. [Cf. G. dial. kleuzen to split.] (Scot. & Dial. Eng.) 1. One of the divisions of a cleft hoof, as in the ox; also, the whole hoof.

2. The Devil; Clootie; -- usually in the pl. Burns.

Cloot"ie (?), n. (Scot. & Dial. Eng.) 1. A little hoof.

2. The Devil. "Satan, Nick, or Clootie." Burns.

Clydes"dale (?), n. One of a breed of heavy draft horses originally from Clydesdale, Scotland. They are about sixteen hands high and usually brown or bay.

Clydesdale terrier. One of a breed of small silky- haired terriers related to, but smaller than, the Skye terrier, having smaller and perfectly erect ears.

Cly"tie knot (?). In hair dressing, a loose, low coil at the back of the head, like the knot on the head of the bust of Clytie by G. F. Watts.

Coach"er (?), n. 1. A coachman. [Obs.]

2. A coach horse.

3. One who coaches; specif. (Baseball), one of the side at the bat posted near first or third base to direct a base runner.

Coal"sack` (?), n. [Coal + 2d sack.] (Astron.) Any one of the spaces in the Milky Way which are very black, owing to the nearly complete absence of stars; esp., the large space near the Southern Cross sometimes called the Black Magellanic Cloud.

Coast and Geodetic Survey. A bureau of the United States government charged with the topographic and hydrographic survey of the coast and the execution of belts of primary triangulation and lines of precise leveling in the interior. It now belongs to the Department of Commerce and Labor.

Co*ca"in*ism (?), n. (Med.) A morbid condition produced by the habitual and excessive use of cocaine. -- Co*ca"in*ist, n.

Co*ca"in*ize (?), v. t. To treat or anæsthetize with cocaine. -- Co*ca`in*i*za"tion (#), n.

Cock"er span"iel. One of a breed of small or medium- sized spaniels kept for hunting or retrieving game or for household pets. They usually weigh from eighteen to twenty-eight pounds. They have the head of fair length, with square muzzle, the ears long and set low, the legs short or of medium length, and the coat fine and silky, wavy but not curly. Various colors are bred, as black, liver, red, black and white, black and tan, etc.

Cock"pit` (?), n. In some aëroplanes and flying machines, an inclosure for the pilot or a passenger.

{ Cock`y*ol"ly, or Cock`y*ol"y, bird } (?). [Cf. Cock, fowl; Yellow.] A pet name for any small bird.

Co`e*lec"tron, n. See Electron.

Co*gon" (?), n. [Sp., prob. fr. a native name.] A tall, coarse grass (Imperata arundinacea) of the Philippine Islands and adjacent countries, used for thatching.

Co*her"er (?), n. (Elec.) Any device in which an imperfectly conducting contact between pieces of metal or other conductors loosely resting against each other is materially improved in conductivity by the influence of Hertzian waves; -- so called by Sir O. J. Lodge in 1894 on the assumption that the impact of the electic waves caused the loosely connected parts to cohere, or weld together, a condition easily destroyed by tapping. A common form of coherer as used in wireless telegraphy consists of a tube containing filings (usually a pinch of nickel and silver filings in equal parts) between terminal wires or plugs (called conductor plugs).

{ Co*hune" (?), n., or Cohune palm }. [Prob. fr. a native name in Honduras.] A Central and South American pinnate-leaved palm (Attalea cohune), the very large and hard nuts of which are turned to make fancy articles, and also yield an oil used as a substitute for coconut oil.

||Coif`feur" (?), n. [F.] A hairdresser.

Coign (?), n. A var. spelling of Coin, Quoin, a corner, wedge; -- chiefly used in the phrase coign of vantage, a position advantageous for action or observation.

From some shielded nook or coign of vantage.

The lithosphere would be depressed on four faces; . . . the four projecting coigns would stand up as continents.

Co`in*sur"ance (?), n. [Co- + insurance.] Insurance jointly with another or others; specif., that system of fire insurance in which the insurer is treated as insuring himself to the extent of that part of the risk not covered by his policy, so that any loss is apportioned between him and the insurance company on the principle of average, as in marine insurance or between other insurers.

||Co"la, n., L. pl. of Colon.

||Co"la (?), n. [NL., fr. a native name.] (Bot.) (a) A genus of sterculiaceous trees, natives of tropical Africa, esp. Guinea, but now naturalized in tropical America, esp. in the West Indies and Brazil. (b) Same as Cola nut, below.

{ Cola nut, Cola seed }. (Bot.) The bitter fruit of Cola acuminata, which is nearly as large as a chestnut, and furnishes a stimulant, which is used in medicine.

Cold"-short`, a. [Prob. fr. Sw. kallskör; kall cold + skör brittle. Oxf. E. D.] (Metal.) Brittle when cold (that is, below a red heat). -- Cold"-short`ness, n.

Cold" wave". (Meteor.) In the terminology of the United States Weather Bureau, an unusual fall in temperature, to or below the freezing point, exceeding 16° in twenty-four hours or 20° in thirty-six hours, independent of the diurnal range.

{ Col`lar*et" (?), ||Col`la*rette" (?) }, n. [F. collerette, dim. of collier. See Collar.] A small collar; specif., a woman's collar of lace, fur, or other fancy material.

Col`lec*tiv"i*ty (?), n. 1. Quality or state of being collective.

2. The collective sum. aggregate, or mass of anything; specif., the people as a body; the state.

The proposition to give work by the collectivity is supposed to be in contravention of the sacred principle of monopolistic competition.

3. (Polit. Econ.) Collectivism.

Col*leen" (?), n. [Ir. cailin.] A girl; a maiden. [Anglo-Irish]

Of all the colleens in the land
Sweet Mollie is the daisy.

Col"lo*type (?), n. [Gr. &?; glue + - type.] A photomechanical print made directly from a hardened film of gelatin or other colloid; also, the process of making such prints. According to one method, the film is sensitized with potassium dichromate and exposed to light under a reversed negative. After the dichromate has been washed out, the film is soaked in glycerin and water. As this treatment causes swelling in those parts of the film which have been acted on by light, a plate results from which impressions can be taken with prepared ink. The albertype, phototype, and heliotype are collotypes.

||Col*lu"vi*es (?), n. [L., a collection of washings, dregs, offscourings, fr. colluere to wash; col- + luere to wash.] 1. A collection or gathering, as of pus, or rubbish, or odds and ends.

2. A medley; offscourings or rabble.

||Col`o*bo"ma (?), n. [NL. fr. Gr. &?;, the part taken away in mutilation, fr. &?; to mutilate.] (Anat. & Med.) A defect or malformation; esp., a fissure of the iris supposed to be a persistent embryonic cleft.

Co*lo"ni*al*ism (?), n. 1. The state or quality of, or the relationship involved in, being colonial.

The last tie of colonialism which bound us to the mother country is broken.

2. A custom, idea, feature of government, or the like, characteristic of a colony.

3. The colonial system or policy in political government or extension of territory.

Col"o*ny, n. 1. (Bot.) A cell family or group of common origin, mostly of unicellular organisms, esp. among the lower algæ. They may adhere in chains or groups, or be held together by a gelatinous envelope.

2. (Zoöl.) A cluster or aggregation of zooids of any compound animal, as in the corals, hydroids, certain tunicates, etc.

3. (Zoöl.) A community of social insects, as ants, bees, etc.

Col`o*ra"do (?), a. [Sp., red.] 1. Reddish; -- often used in proper names of rivers or creeks. [Southwestern U. S.]

2. Medium in color and strength; -- said of cigars. [Cant]

Col`or*im"e*try (?), n. [See Colorimeter.] 1. The quantitative determination of the depth of color of a substance.

2. A method of quantitative chemical analysis based upon the comparison of the depth of color of a solution with that of a standard liquid.

Colt pistol. (Firearms) A self-loading or semi-automatic pistol with removable magazine in the handle holding seven cartridges. The recoil extracts and ejects the empty cartridge case, and reloads ready for another shot. Called also Browning, ∧ Colt-Browning, pistol.

Colt revolver. (Firearms) A revolver made according to a system using a patented revolving cylinder, holding six cartridges, patented by Samuel Colt, an American inventor, in 1835. With various modifications, it has for many years been the standard for the United States army.

Co*lum"bus Day (?). The 12th day of October, on which day in 1492 Christopher Columbus discovered America, landing on one of the Bahama Islands (probably the one now commonly called Watling Island), and naming it "San Salvador"; -- called also Discovery Day. This day is made a legal holiday in many States of The United States.

Com*bus"tion cham`ber. (Mech.) (a) A space over, or in front of , a boiler furnace where the gases from the fire become more thoroughly mixed and burnt. (b) The clearance space in the cylinder of an internal combustion engine where the charge is compressed and ignited.

Come"-a*long`, n. A gripping device, as for stretching wire, etc., consisting of two jaws so attached to a ring that they are closed by pulling on the ring.

Co*meth"er (?), n. [Prob. dial. pron. of come hither, used in calling cows, etc.] [Dial. or Colloq., Brit.] 1. Matter; affair.

2. Friendly communication or association.

To put the, or one's, comether on, to exercise persuasion upon; to get under one's influence; to beguile; to wheedle.

How does ut come about, sorr, that whin a man has put the comether on wan woman he's sure bound to put ut on another?

||Co`mi*ti"va (?), n. [It.] A body of followers; -- applied to the lawless or brigand bands in Italy and Sicily.

Com`man*deer" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Commandeered (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Commandeering.] [D. kommandeeren to command, in South Africa to commandeer, fr. F. commander to command. See Command.] 1. (Mil.) To compel to perform military service; to seize for military purposes; -- orig. used of the Boers.

2. To take arbitrary or forcible possession of. [Colloq.]

Com*man"do (?), n. [D. See Command, v. t.] In South Africa, a military body or command; also, sometimes, an expedition or raid; as, a commando of a hundred Boers.